The literature review presents data from world studies on the use of individual navigation templates in spine surgery and analyzes the published results of the application of individual navigation templates on different parts of the spine. The accuracy and safety of fixed transpedicular screws were evaluated using the templates. The main stages of template creation were highlighted, including the visualization methods for 3D modeling, 3D printing methods, available materials, as well as the time and costs associated with 3D printing were determined. For information analysis 23 publications were selected, 8 of them relate to the cervical spine, 10 — to the thoracic, and 5 — to the lumbar spine. The data of 460 patients in whom 3,294 screws had been fixed using the templates were analyzed, and the analysis has revealed that out of 3,294 screws, 3,059 (92.8%) have the highest level of safe fixation.

Objective. To analyze cases of malignancy in chronic hyperplastic laryngitis (CHL) among patients subject to regular medical check-up (MC) in the Dobrush district of the Gomel region.
Materials and methods. Patients diagnosed with CHL who as of October 1, 2021 were subject to regular otorhinolaryngology MC in the Dobrush district of the Gomel region were included into the study. There were 39 men (64%) and 22 women (36%). The mean age of the patients was 54.5 years (from 32 to 82 years). The research methods included patient data analysis, video endoscopy of the larynx, and biopsy followed by morphological study.
Results. As of October 1, 2021, the patients subject to regular otorhinolaryngology MC (from a few months to 30 years) were patients diagnosed with CHL in the Dobrush district of the Gomel region from 1991 to 2021. At the time of being diagnosed, 87% (53 of 61) of the patients were of working age; 27 (44%) patients visited doctors once a year or more rarely; 27 (44%) patients had received only outpatient treatment which consisted mainly of antibiotic therapy. During inpatient treatment, biopsy was performed in 15 (25%) patients. All the patients were called to attend the appointment for video endoscopy of the larynx. In 3 (5%) cases, the examination of the larynx revealed a pathological process suspicious of malignancy. As a result of the biopsy, cancer was detected in all the 3 cases.
Conclusion. The study has analyzed cases of malignancy in CHL during the period of patient dispensary observation, identified factors contributing to malignancy: non-compliance with the terms of MC; prolonged dispensary registration without thorough examination, biopsy and verification of the CHL form; inadequate treatment including numerous ineffective courses of antibiotic therapy.

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of the treatment of pregnant patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia.
Materials and methods. A dynamic prospective study of the course of pregnancy in the second and third trimesters was carried out in 36 female patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia undergoing treatment at the Department of Obstetrics and Observation of Gomel City Clinical Hospital No.3. The comparison groups consisted of 30 pregnant patients without COVID-19 and 30 female patients of childbearing age with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. All pregnant patients with pneumonia received treatment with the antiviral drug «Remdesivir», all non-pregnant patients underwent clinical treatment without antiviral drugs.
Results. The study has found no significant differences in the frequency of gynecological and obstetric pathology in the anamnesis between the groups of the pregnant patients. However, the pregnant patients with pneumonia were characterized by comorbidity (anemia, chronic pyelonephritis, obesity). The main clinical symptoms in the patients with pneumonia did not differ significantly and were related to adaptive changes to pregnancy. The pregnant patients with pneumonia showed more rapid normalization of body temperature, oxygen dependence, and laboratory parameters. The remdesivir treatment for pneumonia did not lead to any progression of obstetric complications of pregnancy (thereatened miscarriage, chronic placental insufficiency) or development of any other complications. All the patients were discharged from the hospital with progressing pregnancy.
Conclusion. High efficiency of the treatment of pregnant patients with moderate pneumonia using the complex therapy with the antiviral drug «Remdesivir» has been shown. It leads to a rapid enhancement of clinical and laboratory parameters in patients, but does not affect the duration of the treatment. The absence of direct adverse side effects and complications of pregnancy makes it reasonable to use this drug in the complex therapy of moderate pneumonia in the second and third trimesters. It is necessary to continue this study to analyze the long-term treatment results.

Objective. To determine the frequency of occurrence of the genotypes of the PPARG (Pro12Ala), PPARD (294T/C), and PPARA (G2528C) gene polymorphic variants, and to establish their relationship with blood lipid levels in healthy young individuals.
Materials and methods. The study included healthy young individuals (n=90) aged 20.1 ± 0.6 years. The parameters of the lipidogram were evaluated: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), triglycerides (TGs), atherogenicity coefficient (CA). The polymorphic variants of the PPAR genes were determined. The results of the study were processed using the STATISTICA 10.0 application package.
Results. The genotype distribution of the Pro12Ala polymorphic variant of the PPARG gene (χ²=0.0079; p=0.73), 294T/C of the PPARD gene (χ²=0.26; p=0.65), and G2528C of the PPARA gene (χ²=4.72; p=0.8) in the healthy young individuals corresponded to the expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No significant differences between the lipid levels in carriers of different variants of the polymorphic PPARG gene (Pro12A1a) were obtained.
Conclusion. Individuals with the C/C polymorphic variant had significantly higher TG levels, lower HDL cholesterol levels in the blood, and the highest CA compared with carriers of the T/T and T/C variants of the PPARD (294T/C) polymorphic gene. Carriers of the C/C polymorphic variant had significantly (p=0.049) higher LDL-C levels than carriers of the G/C variant of the PPARA (G2528C) polymorphic gene. The risk of hypertriglyceridemia is 9.6 times, of low HDL-C is 6.9 times, and of having an elevated CA rate is 5.2 times as high in individuals with the C/C polymorphic variant as in individuals with the T variants /T and T/C of the PPARD gene (294T/C).

Objective. To create a standart electrocardiogram (ECG) sample registered using the Slapak – Partilla method and make it widely available to practicing doctors and middle-level medical personnel of functional diagnostics units of outpatient and in-patient clinics, emergency care hospitals.
Materials and methods. 33 healthy individuals aged 19-23 were examined, among them there were 22 men, 11 women. The subjects included individuals with normal ECGs recorded in the generally accepted 12 leads, anamnesis that excluded the presence of any disease. After that, ECGs were recorded using the Slapak – Partilla method.
Results. The final analysis of the P,Q,R,S,T waves, Q/R ratio, position of the J point relative to the isoline in the S₁,S₂,S₃,S₄ leads made it possible to form a normal electrocardiographic picture for each ECG lead recorded by means of this method.
Conclusion. Considering the importance of the Slapak – Partilla ECG leads in the diagnosis of myocardial infaction in the posterior-superior, posterior-lateral sections of the left ventricle, their detailed description and real images in healthy individuals have been presented.

Objective. To study the parameters of ABC/VEN analysis, to identify the most expensive drugs and determine ways of cost rationalization.
Materials and methods. ABC/VEN analysis was carried out on the basis of an intensive care and resuscitation unit of a maternity hospital. The material for the study was the list of drug dispensation by the departments of the hospital over the first quarter of 2022.
Results. The total costs in the intensive care and resuscitation unit were 104 596 52 rubles. For class A drugs, the costs amounted to 85 357 99 rubles, class B – 15 529 88 rubles, and class C – 3 708 65 rubles.
Conclusion. The use of ABC- and VEN- analyses has made it possible to reveal that funds for drug provision in the unit as a whole are spent quite expediently.

Objective. To compare 2 treatment tactics: complex and monotherapy in outpatient practice of patients with vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Materials and methods. The study included patients diagnosed with vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease who received monotherapy with memantine and patients who received complex treatment (nootropics, vasodilators) of the disease, with MMSE scores from 3 to 23 points and a clock drawing test from 0 up to 9 points.
Results. In the study group, the majority were women. Almost half of the patients had a disability group. Patients and their relatives had the best compliance where complex therapy of the disease was prescribed.
Conclusion. There is a lack of alertness in the development of dementia among the population - this leads to its late detection and refusal of treatment at the initial stage. There were no statistically significant differences in complex or monotheraputic treatment. The use of tuning to one or a group of drugs in choosing a strategy for the treatment of dementia helps to maintain compliance between the patient’s doctor and his relatives.

Objective. To study the value of a mathematical model of lymph node (LN) metastasis according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data in cervical cancer (CC) in a comparative aspect with the traditional MRI criterion of LN metastasis (the size on the short axis being ≥ 1.0 cm) for assessing the prognosis of the disease.
Materials and methods. To assess the CC prognosis, the indices of one-year, five-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates of 100 patients were analyzed in a comparative aspect: if metastatic lymph nodes (MLNs) are detected according to MRI data based on the use of the mathematical model for the MLN diagnosis and the traditional MRI criterion.
Results. The comparison of five-year CSS indices for groups of patients with a favorable prognosis (N0) using the traditional criterion and the mathematical model has revealed a statistically significant difference (р < 0.001).
Conclusion. The developed mathematical model of LN metastasis according to MRI data makes it possible to predict the unfavorable development of CC, as well as serves as a guide for individual therapy.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive study of the entire arterial tract of erectile function (EF) in patients with arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) to determine the tactics of correction.
Material and methods. 83 patient with newly diagnosed organic ED (N48.4 ICD-10) were examined. Ultrasound examination of the arteries of the aorto-iliac segments, transperineal examination of the internal pudendal arteries (IPA), arteries of the penis in a state of de-and tumescence, transrectal examination of the prostatectomy gland (TRUS), multispiral computed tomography (MSCT), angiography of the pelvic arteries in men.
Results. A transperineal ultrasound examination of the VPA has been developed, which makes it possible to evaluate important morphometric and hemodynamic features of the artery on the perineum, effectively determine the stenoocclusive lesions of the VPA, while the accuracy of the method is 92.4%, sensitivity is 95.38%, specificity is 89.36%, which is comparable to MSCT angiography.
Conclusion. The obtained information about arterial blood flow in the IPA basin using transperineal ultrasound is the advantage of this non-invasive diagnostic method. For the full diagnosis of arteriogenic ED, traditional ultrasound of the IF should be supplemented with ultrasound assessment of the arteries of the aorto-iliac segments, IPA for the study of the entire arterial tract with the subsequent choice of the proper correction tactics.

Objective. To assess the characteristics of body composition and the parameters of anaerobic and aerobic work capacity in athletes having marked reduction in body fat mass.
Materials and methods. 40 male athletes were examined, their mean age was 19±1.12, their sports specialization was cyclic sports (kayaking, canoeing, running), qualification – candidates for master of sports, masters of sports. The body composition was studied by the method of bioimpedance analysis using an ABC-01 Medass bioimpedance analyzer. The determination of aerobic and anaerobic (creatine phosphate and glycolytic) work capacity was carried out using the D-test training process monitoring system.
Results. The anaerobic creatine phosphate wok capacity index in athletes with reduced body fat was significantly lower (p=0.026), and the muscle mass percentage and specific metabolism level were significantly higher (p=0.002 and p=0.015, respectively), in comparison with the group of athletes with normal body fat according to fitness standards.
Conclusion. Marked reduced body fat mass in male athletes doing cyclic sports is associated with decreased capacity of the anaerobic creatine phosphate energy system of muscles but does not cause a decrease in body`s skeletal muscle mass.

Objective. To study the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and dexamethasone over the parameters of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant defence (AOD) in erythrocytes of rabbits with experimental immunogenic uveitis (EIU).
Materials and methods. An experimental study was carried out on 45 rabbits. Animals with EIU were treated with placebo, NAC, dexamethasone, or a combination of NAC and dexamethasone. Parameters of lipid peroxidation (diene conjugates, triene conjugates, malondialdehyde) and AOD (catalase activity, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and their ratio, superoxide dismutase) were observed in blood erythrocytes of rabits.
Results. EIU in rabbits was accompanied by a significant elevation of LPO parameters and inhibition of AOD in erythrocytes. NAC significantly reduced the intensity of oxidative stress in erythrocytes, and also increased the AOP parameters, including the content of reduced glutathione. Dexamethasone led to the inhibition of the glutathione system. The combined application of NAC and dexamethasone revealed the synergism of their pharmacological action.
Conclusion. EIU in rabbits is accompanied by systemic manifestations of oxidative stress. NAC has a pronounced antioxidant effect on the redox status of blood erythrocytes. Dexamethasone has an inhibitory effect on the glutathione system. The combined parenteral administration of NAC and dexamethasone revealed their combined synergistic pharmacological effect.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of spinal correction in scoliosis in children in the process of adaptive physical activity (APA).
Materials and methods. A study conducted at the Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology involved 60 children with scoliosis of varying severity. A course of spinal correction by APA means, forms, and techniques was performed.
Results. The conducted study on the use of the scoliosis correction course has showed the effectiveness of the applied means and techniques. It has been proved that children undergoing the developed course in contrast to children undergoing the generally accepted course, reveal a significant improvement in almost all indicators of the positions of the spinal column, namely: lateral deviation of the spine axis (p=0.028), thoracic kyphosis (p<0.001), pelvic tilt (p=0.049), rotation of the left superficial plane (p=0.045). At the trend level, an improvement in the following indicators was noted: lumbar lordosis (p=0.086), rotation of the right superficial plane (p=0.064), lateral deviation to the right (p=0.096).
Conclusion. It has been proved that the performed spinal correction course in children with scoliosis in the process of APA is effective.

Objective. To develop methodology for assessing carpal dynamometry results which allows for a more qualitative complex evaluation of the physical development of military men of urgent service in the conditions of a military unit.
Materials and methods. The study included 647 young men undergoing compulsory military service, in whom the parameters of age, height, body weight, Quetelet index, chest circumference, spirometry, and carpal dynamometry were assessed using standard methods.
Results. It has been found by means of correlation analysis that carpal dynamometry values have a statistically significant relation with growth and body weight indices of the examined men and do not depend on age, chest circumference, or Quetelet index. A formula was developed and criteria were identified for determining the level of finger flexor muscle development in military men of urgent service on the basis of the obtained data using multivariate regression analysis. The comparative analysis of the results obtained by means of the developed methodology with the actual values of carpal dynamometry of the right and left hands, as well as the power index, has showed its advantages in assessing the level of the development of this muscle group in military personnel.
Conclusion. The use of this methodology will allow for a more qualitative complex evaluation of the physical development of military men of urgent service and, based on the obtained data, to plan, organize and carry out activities to improve their health in the conditions of a military unit purposefully and reasonably.

Objective. To determine factors contributing to the formation of the external radiation dose in individuals living in radionuclide-contaminated areas.
Materials and methods. 25,503 residents from 289 settlements of the Gomel region were examined by the method of thermoluminescent dosimetry.
Results. Some statistically significant differences between the doses in men and women were revealed. The study of age and sex groups found that the values of the external radiation dose in young men were 11% as high as those in women of the same age group. The values of the external radiation dose in elderly men were almost 10% as high as those in women of this group. The analysis of the type of activity of all the examined individuals has showed a large variation of external exposure dose values: on average, the external radiation dose is 32% as high in individuals who due to the nature of their practical activities stay outdoors for a long time as that in individuals who work in shielded premises and buildings.
Conclusion. The factors contributing to the formation of the external exposure dose in individuals living in radionuclide-contaminated areas have been identified.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulematosis of unknown ethology which occurs predominantly in young people and affects mediastinal lymph nodes and their parenchyma. Sarcoidosis is the most common among diffuse interstitial lung diseases. The systemic character of the injury leads to involvement of a number of organs into the pathologic process and polymorphism of the clinical manifestations of the disease, which causes challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. In recent years, along with increased sarcoidosis morbidity, there has been noted pathomorphisis of the disease with growing incidence of the extensive forms of sarcoidosis, damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, internal organs.
The article considers a clinical case of sarcoidosis with atypical course. The disease was manifested in damage to the peripheral nervous system. The article discusses the features of the course and difficulties in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in the patient. It has been shown that the histological study, which is the gold standard of granulematosis verification, was not informative at the early period of the disease.

A clinical case of peripheral T-cell lymphoma with progressive multifocal skin involvement is described, illustrating the complexity of differential diagnosis and the aggressiveness of the clinical course of this pathology. In a 49-year-old patient, the disease began with the appearance of pink plaques up to 2.0 cm in diameter on the skin of the right breast. Gradually, new lesions appeared on the skin, which were subjected to biopsy. With repeated histological, including immunohistochemical, studies, controversial results were obtained. The final diagnosis was confirmed only on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of morphological data and the presence of extradermal tumor foci. The patient underwent 16 cycles of chemotherapy using roncoleukin immunotherapy and targeted therapy with rituximab, without a pronounced clinical effect. The patient died due to the progression of the tumor process.

Anomaly in the development of the body stem is a serious congenital developmental defect and characterized by a significant defect of the anterior abdominal wall with pronounced changes in the rachis and hypoplasia or aplasia of the umbilical cord.
The paper describes cases of anomalies in the development of the body stem in fetuses, the diagnosis of which was carried out during early prenatal ultrasound and at the stage of postmortem autopsy of the aborted material.

Objective. To optimize the parameters for testing the antimicrobial activity of modified non-woven materials used for the manufacture of medical masks against microorganism isolates with strong phenotypic aggression signs, and to quantify their antimicrobial potential using a method with impedimetric detection.
Materials and methods. The antimicrobial potential was assessed by simulating a direct contact of the material after treatment with octenidine dihydrochloride solutions under in vitro conditions by the method with impedimetric detection based on the proposed IDT marker – duration of the lag-phase of the growth of a test stain population using the software of a microbiological analisator. The antimicrobial potential was calculated according to the proposed formula and evaluated in accordance with a reasonable quantitative scale.
Results. The parameters for testing the antimicrobial activity of nonwoven materials with antimicrobial octenidine dihydrochloride treatment using an instrumental method with impedimetric detection have been optimized in laboratory conditions. It was found that Escherichia coli 43-02012021 isolate, Enterobacter cloaceae 14-21072021 isolate were more sensitive to the impact of the sample obtained by the method of electron beam deposition of octenidine hydrochloride from the active gas phase compared with the sample obtained by wet impregnation from octenidine hydrochloride solution in vacuum.
Conclusion. The evaluation method with the impedimetric detection principle expands the arsenal of instrumental methods of quantitative determination of the antimicrobial potential of nonwoven materials. The standard deviations of σ measurements were 4.4-8.1 %, which is acceptable for obtaining reliable results under the conditions of intralaboratory testing.

Objective. To propose a methodology for using the possibility of wider inclusion of study groups in solving the problem of information transfer in the diagnosis of ENT diseases based on the results of X-ray imaging.
Materials and methods. Examination of ENT patients, information on the results of X-ray imaging, analysis of information technologies for the exchange of medical information and software used to study DICOM files, anonymization of computer diagnostic images.
Results. The problem of ENT disease diagnosis has been studied. We have proposed an information and communication structure for the exchange of medical images and a methodology for generating a data set for use in ENT disease studies and for consultations.
Conclusion. The availability of publicly available medical databases undoubtedly contributes to the development, early understanding of the diagnosis, teaching of anatomy, pathological anatomy to representatives of medical specialties and researchers.