The purpose of the narrative review is to provide a descriptive analysis of the emerging capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of various diseases.

   The article discusses which modern AI tools can be used in clinical practice, healthcare organization and medical education. The paper considers various aspects of medical AI systems, which are mainly computer support systems for medical decision-making in the process of clinical work. Much attention is paid to the possibilities of generative AI in medicine. Potential applications of AI in clinical practice have been investigated, highlighting promising prospects for both practitioners and their patients. The limitations associated with the use of AI in various fields of medicine are described, and possible ways of solving them are suggested. The problems of information security and ethical constraints associated with the introduction of AI are outlined. The broad integration of AI into public health will enhance clinical and management decision support, speed up disease diagnosis, and improve the overall quality and accessibility of healthcare services.

   Objective. To determine the degree of manifestation of antioxidant, oncoprotective, anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin-like compounds of a number of flavonoids based on a comparative analysis of the complexing activity of oxygen-containing functional groups.

   Materials and methods. Analysis and systematization of literary data, a rationalistic method of modeling the properties of molecular systems.

   Results. The expediency of determining the structural identity of separate sections of molecules of various flavonoids for the subsequent determination of the degree of correlation of their biological properties is shown.

   Conclusion. Comparison of biological properties of substances of plant origin in combination with application of the latest extraction methods will help to accelerate drug development at the stage of obtaining a new active substance.

   Objective. To systematize and analyze data on the use of imaging techniques in COVID-19-associated gastric and intestinal lesions.

   Materials and methods. An analysis of publications in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science systems was carried out in the period 2020-2023, describing the use of imaging techniques in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal lesions.

   Results. The most frequent signs of COVID-19-associated gastric and intestinal lesions on abdominal imaging were identified, their incidence and approximate diagnostic significance were evaluated.

   Conclusion. The use of computed tomography and ultrasonography for the diagnosis of COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal lesions is hampered by the lack of clear ideas regarding the sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic value of the previously described radiologic signs of gastrointestinal lesions. In addition, there is no clear algorithm for the use of imaging methods in COVID-19-associated abdominal pain syndrome. The solution of these issues will optimize the use of imaging methods and reduce the time of diagnostic search.

   Objective. To form a clinical and functional characterization of patients with chronic dizziness.

   Materials and methods. A single one-stage cohort study of 32 patients with chronic dizziness (CD), among them 26 women and 6 men, mean age - 49 [36.5; 51.5] years, was conducted. Patients were examined by objective neurologic examination, laboratory (general and biochemical blood tests) and instrumental (radiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound) methods were used during the study. Barany’s test was also performed, and neuropsychological testing was performed. The data were processed using descriptive statistical methods of the application package “Statistica”, 10.0.

   Results. During the examination, patients complained of dizziness (100 %) and shakiness when walking (84 %), provoked mainly by intermittent visual stimuli (31 % each). Subjective neurological deficit in patients with CD was caused by kinesthetic sensations of instability (34 %), accompanied by decreased attention and memory (28 %). Objectively, the phase of optokinetic nystagmus in Barany’s test lengthened in the studied group - 190 [170; 225] s and the time of balance retention in Romberg’s pose decreased - 3 [2; 5] s. CD patients were characterized by high personality anxiety - 53 [44; 53] points and autonomic imbalance according to the questionnaire of A.M. Vein - 42 [40; 44] points. We did not reveal a connection of CD with structural anomalies, pathology of brachiocephalic vessels.

   Conclusion. The clinical and functional status of CD patients was characterized by the absence of focal lesions of the nervous system and a small number of concomitant diseases causing vertigo. At the same time, the patients’ subjective sensations underlying the perception of non-existent stimuli led to impaired maintenance of vertical body position and, in turn, formed an anxiety disorder.

   Objective. To evaluate the possibility of ultrasound monitoring of optic nerve sheath diameter and blood flow velocity in cerebral arteries as predictors of craniocerebral trauma outcome.

   Materials and methods. 35 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were produced ultrasound monitoring of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and blood flow velocity (BFV) in the middle cerebral artery (AMC) before surgery and for 10 days after craniotomy. A comparative analysis of blood flow in the A MC and ONSD was carried out between groups of patients with a favorable (group 1) and unfavorable (group 2) outcome of TBI.

   Results. Between the groups of patients with different outcome`s TBI, significant differences were revealed in the diameter of the optic nerve sheaths at the preoperative period and in the diastolic blood flow velocity in the MCA on the 9^th day after surgery. In group 1, the ONSD was 4.7 [4.5; 5.1] mm, and in group 2 – 5.6 [5.4; 6] mm, p=0.003. On the 9^th day after surgery, BFV at diastole in group 1 was 43.9 [38.7; 49.4] cm/sec, in group 2 – 28.7 [24.8; 36.7] cm/sec, p = 0.001. For ONSD in the preoperative period as a predictor of unfavorable outcome of TBI AUC=0.83, Se=88.8%, Sp=61.2%. For diastolic BFV in the AMC on the 9^th day after surgery – AUC = 0.84, Se=93%, Sp = 52 %.

   Conclusion. In patients with traumatic brain injury, ultrasound examination shows that the diameter of the optic membranes before surgery is ≥5.6 mm and the blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery in diastole ≤28.7 cm/sec can be considered as predictors of an unfavorable outcome of TBI.

   Objective. To study the features of structural and geometric cardiac remodeling in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) depending on the stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

   Materials and methods. We examined 499 patients (127 men and 322 women) with type 1 DM (133 people) and type 2 DM (316 people) aged 62 [52;69] years. The comparison group consisted of 65 randomly selected volunteering individuals (54 women and 11 men) without disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and kidney damage aged 59 [46;66] years. The laboratory examination of the patients included the measurement of serum creatinine, eGFR according to the CKD-EPI equation. An echocardiographic investigation was performed to study structural and geometric heart parameters. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was diagnosed when the left ventricular myocardial mass index (LVMI) exceeded 115 g/m² in men and 95 g/m² in women.

   Results. LVH was detected in 57.7 % of patients with DM, while in the comparison group – in 35.4 %. The frequency of LVH increased with a decrease in eGFR and was diagnosed in 100 % of cases with CKD 5. In patients with DM, the left ventricular concentric remodeling significantly predominated (29.2%). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated the influence of age (ß=0.30, p=0.01) and serum creatinine (ß = 0.15, p < 0.0001) on the LVMI, independent of other factors, which confirms their independent pathogenetic significance.

   Conclusion. Thus, patients with DM regardless of the CKD stage have structural and functional changes in the LV myocardium. Regardless of the nitrogen-excretion function of the kidneys, the predominant pattern of LV remodeling is concentric. The study of the features of structural and functional restructuring of the left heart in patients with diabetes should be taken into account in determining the cardiovascular prognosis.

   Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of hemodynamic parameters during orthopedic and traumatological operations on the lower extremities in children performed under conditions of multicomponent balanced general and combined anesthesia.

   Materials and methods. A single-center prospective study. The present study included 60 children aged 6 to 17 years who underwent planned orthopedic and trauma surgery interventions on the lower extremities. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the method of anesthesia: Group 1 (n = 25) - multicomponent balanced general anesthesia, Group 2 (n = 35) - combined anesthesia (multicomponent balanced general anesthesia in combination with regional blocks of the sciatic and femoral nerves). To solve these problems, a comparative analysis of heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure was carried out at seven stages of the study: 1^st stage - initial, child on the operating table; 2^nd stage - induction of anesthesia; 3^rd stage - placement of the laryngeal mask; 4^th stage - start of the operation; 5^th stage - traumatic stage of the operation; 6^th stage - completion of the operation; 7^th stage - after removal of the laryngeal mask.

   Results. In all cases, the surgical interventions were successful. The study found that in the group of children who underwent multicomponent general anesthesia at the 4^th (start of surgery), 5^th (traumatic stage of surgery) and 6^th (end of surgery) stages, heart rate (HR) was higher compared to the group of combined anesthesia. Systolic and mean arterial blood pressure during the traumatic phase of surgery were also higher in children undergoing multicomponent general anesthesia. The values of diastolic blood pressure did not differ between groups throughout the study with the exception of the 3^rd stage (laryngeal mask placement) where lower values were observed in patients of the Group 1. Diastolic blood pressure values did not differ between groups throughout the study, with the exception of 3^th stage (laryngeal mask placement), where lower values were noted in Group 1 patients.

   Conclusion. Combined methods of anesthesia based on the combination of multicomponent general anesthesia and conductive peripheral nerve blocks provide the greatest hemodynamic stability during orthopedic and traumatologic surgeries on the lower extremities in children.

   Objective. To study the effect of drugs regulating acute immune responses on liver in septic processes.

   Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 39 male white rats weighing 250-400 g. The animals were initiated septic process development by intraperitoneal injection of Klebsiella pneumoniae culture suspension with simultaneous intravenous injection of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and gadolinium in the volume of 0.6 ml. On the 14^th day the animals were removed from the experiment by decapitation under light ether anesthesia, blood and liver were taken for biochemical and histological studies.

   Results. When analyzing the morphometric parameters of liver preparations, an increase in the number of nuclei and a slight increase in the area of nuclei in three experimental groups was established by 1,2 times (p < 0,05) compared to the control group, which reflects the ongoing processes of hepatocyte regeneration due to possible mechanisms, namely hypertrophy nuclei and proliferation with both PVP and gadolinium in systemic inflammatory response and sepsis. Moreover, the use of PVP and gadolinium led to a decrease in the likelihood of perinuclear edema, protein degeneration and large droplet vacuolization (p < 0,05). When using gadolinium, the lumen diameter of the sinusoids was the largest and amounted to 4,47; 3,22-5,63 µm (p<0,05), and in septic shock it did not differ from the group where PVP was used (p > 0,05). Of the laboratory parameters of surviving individuals, the lowest ALaT level was noted in the gadolinium experimental group – 53,7; 51,8-55,1 U/L (p<0,05), while the lowest urea level was observed when using PVP (5,0; 4,99-5,15 mmol/l) (p < 0,05) as part of a systemic inflammatory response.

   Conclusion. Gadolinium and PVP have a positive effect on the detoxification function of liver. Moreover, the effect of PVP on the morphology and function of the liver differs at the stages of septic process.

   Objective. To assess the significance of light chronodestruction in the development of the embryotoxic effect in the experiment.

   Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on 60 female rats of the Wistar line. To assess the significance of chronodestruction in the development of embryotoxic effect, the uterus was isolated in the experiment, in which the number of implantation sites, the total number of embryos, the number of live and dead embryos, and the number of resorptions were estimated. The number of corpus luteum in the harvested ovaries was estimated. In addition, the mean embryo weight (g) and mean craniocaudal size (mm) were recorded. Indicators of embryotoxic effects of light deprivation were determined by pre- and post-implantation death, which was calculated in accordance with methodological recommendations.

   Results. Exposure to light deprivation reduces the number of implantation sites as of 7^th, 14^th and 21^st days by 1,5-1,8 times, the total number of embryos by 1,6-1,8 times, the number of living embryos by 2,2-9 times and increases the number of dead embryos as of 14^th and 21^st days by 4-5,5 times, the number of resorptions – 1,6-11 times. The average craniocaudal size (mm) of embryos in experimental animals was recorded below control values by 1,5 times, 1,3 and 3,7 times by 7^th, 14^th, 21^st days respectively. In females exposed to light deprivation, there was a significant increase in pre-implantation mortality by 35-41,8 times and post-implantation mortality by 7,2-20,4 times compared to the control.

   Conclusion. Light deprivation may have a negative effect on pregnancy and fetal development in female rats, which is confirmed by an increase in pre- and post-implantation mortality.

   Objective. To study in vitro the effect of therapeutic doses of radiation on the albumin molecule using intrinsic and probe fluorescence methods.

   Materials and methods. In order to study radiation-induced changes in serum albumin during in vitro irradiation with therapeutic doses (2 Gy, 40 Gy and 70 Gy), the study was conducted in 2 directions: therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation irradiated a buffer, which was then used to prepare an albumin solution (pre-irradiation of the buffer); therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation irradiated an albumin buffer solution. The presence of structural and functional (conformational) changes in the albumin molecule was judged by changes in the values of intrinsic (λexc=280 nm) and probe (λexc=280
nm, λexc=320 nm) fluorescence. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the program GraphPad Prism 6.0.

   Results. Irradiation with therapeutic doses of 2 Gy, 40 Gy and 70 Gy causes conformational changes (a statistically significant decrease in fluorescence intensity) in the albumin molecule, both during preliminary irradiation of the buffer solution used later for the preparation of albumin, and during irradiation of the buffer solution of albumin.

   Conclusions. Quantitative changes in the fluorescence intensity, both intrinsic and probe, differ under different modes of albumin irradiation.

   Objective. To study the effect of incorporated ¹³⁷Cs on the energy metabolism of the myocardium of white rats.

   Materials and methods. The work was carried out on 8 male white rats divided into 2 experimental groups, which were fed products contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs for 7 days. Polarography was used to study the rate of oxygen consumption by myocardial tissue preparations on endogenous substrates, with the addition of exogenous succinic and glutamic acids, and with the addition of an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Results. An increase in the rate of respiration on endogenous substrates caused by the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation was noted. At the same time, no statistically significant change in the amount of endogenous substrates was found.

   Conclusion. The revealed violation of energy production in the myocardium of experimental animals is caused by the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and can be explained by a change in the operation of potassium channels, which can explain the development of cardiovascular pathology under the action of ionizing radiation.

   Objective. To evaluate the sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains to antibiotics and therapeutic and prophylactic preparations of bacteriophages.

   Materials and methods. The antibiotic sensitivity of strains of methicillin-resistant S.aureus was studied by the disco-diffusion method, the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin and linezolid by broth microdilution method, and ceftaroline by E-tests. The sensitivity of methicillin-resistant S.aureus to bacteriophage preparations was studied.

   Results. It has been established that linezolid and vancomycin are quite active drugs against methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA), however, resistance to them begins to develop. MRSA resistance to fluoroquinolones and cefoxitin was the highest of all antibiotics tested; the results obtained with cefoxitin can be interpreted for other cephalosporins (except ceftaroline) and all penicillins. Only 67.9% of MRSA strains retained sensitivity to ceftaroline, but ceftaroline-resistant strains had low levels of minimal inhibitory concentration. The preparations of the bacteriophages “Sextaphage” and “Piobacteriophage Phagio” showed their lytic activity only in relation to 35.8% and 18.9% of MRSA isolates, respectively.

   Conclusion. Monitoring the development of antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant S.aureus is an important part of the strategy of rational antibiotic therapy for staphylococcal infections. Only taking into account the preliminary step-by-step determination of the phage sensitivity of the causative agent of the disease, bacteriophage preparations can be considered as a completely possible alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of purulent inflammatory diseases caused by MRSA.

   Objective. To analyze the time series of morbidity and mortality from breast cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and cervical cancer in Gomel region for the period from 1982 to 2022 using ARIMA method and to make a prediction up to 2030.

   Materials and methods. We analyzed morbidity and mortality data from these cancers using statistical methods, including ARIMA modeling. Data on age at diagnosis, stage of disease, percentages of cancer detected at different stages, percentages of mortality and its dynamics after diagnosis were used.

   Results. On the basis of data analysis using ARIMA model, a model for predicting the incidence of cancer in the near future was developed. According to the forecast, it should be expected that there will be an increase in the incidence of breast, prostate, cervical and colorectal cancer until 2030, a decrease in the age of patients at first detection, a change in the pattern of detection at different stages and an increase in the percentage of disease detection in preventive examinations. Mortality from these types of cancer is projected to increase, with some changes in the average age of patients
of death indicators and stage dynamics.

   Conclusion. Predicting cancer incidence and mortality rates emphasizes the need for increased screening and early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms. This can improve earlier detection of the disease and increase the effectiveness of treatment, reducing overall cancer mortality.

   Objective. To assess the gender characteristics of the concentration of cortisol, testosterone and vitamin D in blood serum in athletes, and to analyze the correlations between vitamin D levels and the hormonal status of athletes.

   Materials and methods. 52 athletes (32 men and 20 women) were examined, their age was 17-23, their sports specialization was cyclic sports (kayaking) and acyclic sports (gymnastics, martial arts), and qualification – candidates for master of sports, masters of sports. Venous blood was taken in the morning on an empty stomach before training loads. Determination of total testosterone and cortisol concentration and assessment of vitamin D level by determination of its metabolite 25(OH)D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) in blood serum was performed by immunochemiluminescent method.

   Results. In male athletes with vitamin D deficiency, serum testosterone concentration and anabolic index were significantly lower (p = 0.0093 and p = 0.0015, respectively) compared to the same indices in the group of athletes with normal vitamin D content. Correlation analysis in male athletes revealed a positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) content and testosterone concentration (r = 0.36; p < 0.05), as well as between 25(OH)D content and anabolic index (r = 0.42; p < 0.05). The group of female athletes with vitamin D deficiency showed significantly lower serum testosterone concentration compared to athletes with normal vitamin D levels (p = 0.0112). No significant relationships were found between vitamin D levels and cortisol concentrations in both male and female athlete groups. 

   Conclusion. The study results can be the evidence of modulation effect of vitamin D on testosterone levels in male athletes, indicating the importance of controlling and correcting vitamin D content in the dynamics of the training process.

   The article presents a case of common variable immunodeficiency without clinically significant infectious syndrome with manifestation in the form of Crohn’s disease. The article emphasizes the expediency of including in the complex of examination in chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract the test for assessing the level of immunoglobulins of the main classes in serum.

   Systemic connective tissue diseases are a heterogeneous group of diseases with unclear etiology, the pathogenesis of which is represented by an autoimmune process, a heterogeneous clinical picture and a variable course. Classical variants of the disease that do not cause difficulties in their verification are most common in clinical practice. But some patients have signs characteristic of various connective tissue diseases. This combination of symptoms is called mixed connective tissue disease or “cross syndrome” (Overlap-syndrome). The multi-organ nature of the clinical picture of the disease presents a diagnostic difficulty for the clinician and leads to late diagnosis, ineffective therapy, and disability of the patient. The article presents a clinical case of mixed connective tissue disease in a middle-aged patient. An analysis of literary sources, clinical data, and laboratory results was carried out.

   The article describes a clinical case of atypical aggressive progression of mycosis-associated hyperplasia of the lingual tonsil with proliferative changes in the pharyngeal and palatine tonsils. The features of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges, and an effective treatment method for this pathology are presented. Based on clinical experience, it is important to note that the prevalence of lingual tonsil diseases is significantly higher than their detectability. This is attributed to its anatomical-topographical and morphological characteristics of location and structure, as well as the relative difficulty of examination (due to a high pharyngeal reflex), the need for the specialist physician to master hypopharyngoscopy techniques, and the lack of a clear algorithm for clinical examination of such patients.

   Objective. To assess the state of the systemic inflammatory response and humoral immune response in middle-aged patients came through COVID-19 infection in mild and moderate severity.

   Materials and methods. A cohort single-center study involving 83 patients came through COVID-19 infection in mild and moderate severity (women - 69.9% (58 patients), men - 30.1% (25 patients); median age 53 years [49; 56] was conducted over the period 2022-2023. All patients underwent clinical examination, evaluation of humoral response with determination of IgG and IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as concentration of interleukins: interleukin-1β, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor α, transforming growth factor β1 and procalcitonin concentrations. Patients were divided into three groups: 1-3 months; 3-6 months; and 6 months to 1 year after COVID-19 infection.

   Results. Within a year the percentage of IgM-positive patients in all patient groups was about a quarter (25 %, 21 % and 25 % respectively). While remaining within the reference values for the whole group, procalcitonin and interleukin-10 levels in the selected cohort exceeded those of the test-negative cohort (p = 0.0053 and p = 0.0044, respectively), which we considered as persistent chronic compensated inflammation.

   Conclusion. A quarter of patients who came through COVID-19 infection in mild and moderate severity have persistently positive IgM levels for a year, combined with proinflammatory status according to systemic inflammatory response parameters.