The literary data on the application of orthopedic operations in irreversible brachial plexities, i.e. transpositions of muscles of the neck, trunk and upper extremities on denervated muscles of the shoulder joint, have been analyzed. According to the revision of views on the mechanism of movements in the shoulder joint the traditionally developed methods of performance of such operations and latest working-outs in the methods of surgical interventions were considered. Based on the analysis were outlined the ways of new investigations in the surgery of tendomiotranspositions in affections of brachial plexities.

The article illustrates the problem of hemostatic disorders in early neonatal period. It characterizes the changes which occur in the system of vascular-platelet and coagulation homeostasis in newborns. It also shows the diversity of the hemostasiological test results and analyzes the causes leading to the malfunction of the hemostasis system in newborns. The risk factors of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications in the neonatal period have been systematized and described.

Aim of research: To analyze and systematize the data on clinical and radiological anatomy of spinal vascular structures. Materials and methods: articles about peculiar features of vertebrae vascularization on English PubMed site and some Russian-language medical publications from 1973 to 2011. Results. The most important features of vertebrae blood supply have been singled out from clinical point of view. Conclusion. Only a good knowledge of vertebrae vascularisation features makes it possible to give an adequate interpretation to the radiological diagnostics of backbone arterial inflow and venous outflow and timely diagnose their disfunction.

Objective: to perfect in experiment models of acute and chronic toxic injuries of liver, to evaluate possibilities of their application to study the processes of liver regeneration and its correction. Materials and methods: white male rats Vistar; intraperitoneal injection of 50 % solution of carbon tetrachloride made on olive oil; intragastric introduction of acetaminophen; morphological and morphometrical methods. Results. The models of toxic hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis were received in experiment. Hepatic cirrhosis is postnecrotic and mainly multilobular. Conclusion. The carbon tetrachloride model of toxic hepatitis and cirrhosis can be used for reproduction of this pathology in experiment. However it is not optimal as the sensitivity of rats to carbon tetrachloride differs and the changes in liver have reversible character after the preparation cancellation.

Basic researches in genetics provide progress of medicine. The genetic approach allows get closer to understanding of biological essence of diseases, and data obtained at such approach create base for the further development of theoretical, clinical and preventive medicine. Molecular-genetic methods in diagnostics of illnesses today is а big and various group of methods of the variations intended for revealing in structure of а gene. The importance of molecular diagnostics is obvious to medicine is both early revealing of illness and choice of adequate treatment; treatment bу а preparation which is considered safe and effective оn the basis of molecular diagnostics; integration of molecular diagnostics and therapy; monitoring of treatment and definition of the forecast.

The article describes approaches to the diagnosis and treatment for chronic dermatosis, including recurrent herpetic infection, based on studying of the psychological characteristics of patients. The attention is focused on the application of psychotherapeutic methods in the combination with traditional management methods.

The present-day data on possible pathways of iron influence on human immune response and susceptibility to infections have been considered. The article describes changes of immunologic resistance in conditions of low iron level and mechanisms of iron status disturbance as a consequence of immunostimulation.

The results of the forensic medical examination of 70 patients deceased from cirrhosis out of hospital have been analyzed. The aim of the research was to define frequency, structure and features of infectious complications in that category of the patients. As a result of the study it was established that 24 (34,29 %) of the deceased revealed infectious complications associated with cirrhosis. The most prevalent infectious complications were as follows: pneumonia (17,1 %), urinary tract infections (10 %) and decubituses (5,7 %). The infectious complications in cirrhosis were more common for women and caused renal insufficiency (necrotic nephrosis). Thus, infectious complications in cirrhotic outpatients are nevertheless very prevailing.

The significance of lipid peroxidation and immune parameters to predict effectiveness of immunomodulating therapy in patients with chronic recurrent herpes infection has been assessed. It has been established that normal augmentation of second (trienic conjugates) products of lipid peroxydation in erythrocytes, levels of basal NBT-test and unchanged concentration of CD3⁺16/56⁺-cells are reference predictors of favorable prognosis for the immunomodulating treatment. The predictors of unfavorable prognosis of the treatment effectiveness are increase of basal NBT-test levels, augmentation of second (trienic conjugates) аnd decreased number of CD3⁺16/56⁺-lymphocytes.

The article presents early and long-term results of the combined application of haemopoetic growth factors, i.e. erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after high-dose chemotherapy with haemopoetic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematologic and oncohematologic disorders. It has been established that the combined therapy with haemopoetic growth factors after the allogeneic transplantation of haemopoetic stem cell leads to better donor marrow engraftment. This reduces the average patients` stay at hospital in the posttransplantation period and increases the indicators of 5-year-old non-relapsing survival rate of patients with Hodzhkin`s lymphoma treated with a combination of erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

According to WHO program, the visual-planimetric study of aorta intestinal segment samples in young population (age interval 20-49) of Gomel region has been carried out for epidemiologic research of atherosclerosis. 84 (94,4 %) of the 89 studied samples detected atherosclerotic process at various stages. Complicated lesions indicating an unstable pathological process were already registered at the age of 25-29. There was an intensive decrease of FP/CL (fibrous plaques and complicated lesions) index with age which expresses an area ratio of fibrous plaques and high lesions and is an integral index of atherosclerosis progressing rate. The received data are evident of «rejuvenation» and quick progressing of atherosclerosis in the young population of Gomel region which in turn can be a consequence of unfavorable exo- and endogenic effect on the vascular wall.

The aim of the study. To study the functional adequacy of different vascular conduits. Material and methods. The morphological and functional qualities of femoral vein in comparison with those of superficial vein and artificial prosthesis in 12 pedigreeless male dogs weighted 15,3 ± 3,7 kg have been studied. All the dogs underwent ilio-femoral bypass with combined conduit, sewn from the fragments of femoral vein, superficial vein and polytetrafluorinethylene vascular prosthesis. The specimens were obtained in the interval of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Mann-Whitney`s U-criterion, a non-parametric method for comparison of two independent samples was applied to compare the quantities that are not subject to Gauss` distribution. Results and discussion. The apex of morphological-functional rebuilding of veins, caused by their involvement in arterial flow, seems to appear in the interval from 3 to 6 months since the implantation. The changes of femoral vein occur earlier then those of subcutaneous vein. The dystrophic signs are less expressed in femoral vein. The morphological-functional properties of femoral vein differ from those of superficial vein. A peak of regenerative processes on the surface of the artificial vascular prosthesis falls on the term of 6 months. The later termed involutive processes prevail over the regenerative processes.

The present review covers infectious complications after the application of vascular prostheses for the reconstruction of aorta and iliac arteries. The etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the complications have been given a detailed description in the article. The basic groups of microorganisms which can cause the complications have been singled out and differences in the clinical course of the disease depending on the type of the bacteria have been described. The main risk factors for prosthetic contamination have been indicated.

As a result of the examination of 83 HIV-positive patients it has been established, that HIV-infection reveals higher levels and higher optical density of sFas/Apo-1(CD-95)-antigen in blood serum in comparison with those in practically healthy donors. The patients in AIDS stage detect higher average levels of optical density of sFas/Apo-1 (CD-95)-antigen in the blood serum, than the patients out of the AIDS stage. The average optical density levels and frequency of revealing the increased optical density levels of sFas/Apo-1(CD-95)-antigen in the blood serum are significantly higher in the HIV-positive patients with number of CD4+T-lymphocytes less than 200 in 1 mkl in the blood, than in the patients with that more than 200 in 1 mkl. The increased optical density levels оf sFas/Apo-1(CD-95)-antigen are defined in the HIV-positive patients only in the development of moderate and expressed immune suppression (CD4 < 350 cells/mkl) and directly moderately correlate with a clinical stage of HIV infection.

The method of analysis of neural networks offers changes in bioelektret properties of blood and cardiovascular system in the form of attributes ranged to evaluate the probability of CHD, and verification of the functional class of stable angina.

The aim of the work was a complex assessment of inhibitor forms of hemophilia with the account of patients` age, severity of the disease and variant of hemophilia. The article presents the results of the examination of 47 patients with hemophilia in the presence of the inhibitors to plasmic factors of blood coagulation. 97,5 % patients with hemophilia A and 100 % of the examined patients with hemophilia B revealed a diagnostically considerable increase of the inhibitor level (> 0,6BU/ml). The majority of the patients with hemophilia A and hemophilia B (64 и 86 % correspondingly) diagnosed a mild inhibitor form. The development of the inhibitor form of hemophilia in general did not depend on the patients` age, level of factor deficiency and variant of hemophilia. The plan of dynamic observation of the patients with the inhibitor form has been suggested.

Sialolithiasis is one of the most frequent causes of salivary gland disorders. The main method of the management is surgical. The surgical operations can be performed externally and endorally at the extent of a complete or partial removal of the gland. The efficiency of the operation is defined by the absence of recurrent sialolithiasis and evidence of a surgical trauma. The article presents the characteristics of the traditional and newly developed methods of the surgical management of submandibular sialolithiasis.

Objectives: to study the effect of the level of sex hormones on the compensation of diabetes mellitus I in women with regular or irregular menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods. 155 women with diabetes mellitus I were examined. The main group included 117 women with regular menstrual cycle (RMC) and 38 women with menstrual irregularities (IMC). The first group was divided into two subgroups depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle at the time of the study. The first subgroup was at the folliculin phase of RMC (n = 40), the second subgroup was at the lutein phase of RMC (n = 77). The comprehensive survey consisted of questionnaires, clinical anamnestic, functional diagnostic study and laboratory biochemical studies. The statistical analysis of the material was performed with the application of Statistica program 6.0 for Windows. Results. The women with IMC detected a lower body mass index and increased insulin requirements at the expense of short-acting insulin (p < 0,05). The level of HbA1C, the average level of glucose in the interstitial fluid and the maximum level of glucose in the interstitial fluid in IMC were reliably higher than those in RMC (P < 0,05). The estradiol, progesterone and FSH levels in the women with IMC were significantly lower (p < 0,05) than those in the women with RMC. Hyperglycemia in IMC causes a reduction of DHEA-S level. Conclusion. The low compensation level of diabetes mellitus I exerts a negative effect on the regularity of the menstrual cycle in women. The estradiol, progesterone and FSH levels in the women with IMC were significantly lower than in the women with RMC. Hyperglycemia in IMC causes a reduction of DHEA-S level.

The effect of postinfarction cardiac insufficiency of angiotensin II (AG-II) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the formation of connective tissue in the intact myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart has been studied in 8-week-old laboratory mice. It has been established that AG-II and IL-6 in postinfarction cardiac insufficiency have no effect both on the area, and the percentage of the connective tissue in the intact myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in the experimental animals. In postinfarction cardiac insufficiency the antagonist of AT₁ receptor telmisartan increases myocardial contractility of the myocardium of the left ventricle by 26,3 % (p <0,05), without affecting the area and the percentage of the connective tissue in the myocardium of the left ventricle of the heart in the experimental animals.

Aim of research: to establish correlative dependence patterns of morphometric characteristics of extrahepatic biliary ducts on a human somatotype. Material and methods: 104 liver samples with gall - bladder and biliary ducts were examined by means of morphometric and statistical methods. Results of study: the length of extrahepatic biliary ducts prevailed in subjects with dolichomorphic somatotype, and the widthin subjects of brachymorphic somatotype. The morphometric and morphologic characteristics of extrahepatic biliary ducts in mezomorphic somatotype acquire intermediate values. Conclusion: statistically relevant differences have been revealed in people with different constitutional types regarding an angle of convergence values, the length and width of hepatic ducts, common hepatic and common biliary ducts as well as cystic and pancreatic ducts.

To reveal specific phenotypic markers and develop criteria for prenosological diagnostics for oncologic pathology of thyroid gland, the peculiarities of the dermatoglyphic parameters of patients with this pathology have been assessed.

The differences in the regulation of heart activity define different adaptable capabilities of the sportsman`s organism. The sensitivity of regulatory organism systems is presented according to the data of complex «Omega-S». The analysis of the data has shown, that the organism capabilities are associated with the level of the functional reserve of cardiovascular system.

Mmendations for its improvement. Materials and methods: 220 patients who had appealed to clinics and therapeutic departments of Gomel hospitals were involved into the questionnaire poll. Of them, the most were women (51,4 %), and 48,6 % were men. 86,4 % made up urban citizens and 13,6 % were rural. The data were collected by means of questionnaires, conducted by a house-to-house poll. Results: According to the data of the conducted public opinion poll, 48 % of the respondents appealed to the polyclinics with acute illness and only 23 % with chronic ones. It should be noted that only 14 % respondents attended the polyclinic for prophylactic medical examination and only 6 % for mass health examination. Nearly half of respondents (46,8 %) said that they preferred to dispense with medical aid and with the first symptoms of the illness were engaged in self-treatment, 13,6 % called an ambulance team and only 37,7 % appealed to the polyclinic. 42,7 % of the respondents were under dispensary medical observation. The respondents mentioned the following main causes of dissatisfaction with medical care as «lack of desired results» (54,1 %), «inconvenient schedule of specialists (16,4 %), «inadequate qualification level of specialists» (10,5 %), «improper treatment of specialists» (12,3 %) and 6,8 % mentioned other causes. 29,1 % of the respondents positively assessed the changes in the organization of medical care over the past 2-3 years, 10 % believed that the situation had worsened, 60,9 % noted that it had not changed, and only 21,8 % of the respondents regarded that the examination in the polyclinic corresponded to the up-to-date level, 22,3 % believed that it did not meet the requirements and 46,8 % noted that it fell short of the adequate extent. 67,3 % of the respondents reported that along with prescription of medical drugs they had received from the attending physician also the guidelines for the disease prevention and correction of risk factors, and only 58,2 % of the respondents were informed by the physician about their risk factors for disease development. Conclusion: The carried out survey showed that the patients who appealed for medical aid to the polyclinic had a number of remarks on the quality of their treatment. The negative moments they described were as follows: queues, poor access to the care of narrow specialists, inattentive attitude of the physicians, cases of maltreatment from the staff of polyclinics, lack of necessary specialists. This led to the fact that sometimes, when patients developed a disease or their condition became aggravated they preferred not to appeal to the polyclinic. According to the poll results one can conclude that health care providers prefer to give treatment but not to prevent an illness. This should be considered when guiding health care organizations to achieve the «consumer» satisfaction with health services.

The annual effective irradiation dose of the population of the three most contaminated regions of Belarus after the Chernobyl Disaster has been estimated. The contribution of each component into the effective dose has been determined. The article presents the structure of the effective irradiation dose in the population of Brest, Gomel and Mogilev regions.

Objective: to study the facilities of higher, further and postgraduate training in the specialty «Diagnostic Medicine» at Gomel State Medical University. Material and methods. The professional competencies were analyzed in accordance with the standard on stage I of higher education in the specialty of Diagnostic Medicine OS RB 79 01 04 - 2007 and were compared with those as a result of training at Magistrature, Clinical Residency and retraining of the graduates of the Faculty of Diagnostic medicine (DMF) in accordance with the Common Сlassifier of the Republic of Belarus (ССRB). The educational opportunities and ways to improve the training were evaluated in connection with the introduction of the Code on Education of the Republic of Belarus. Results. The Standard clearly formulates the potential of higher medical training in four specialties of diagnostic specialization: clinical laboratory diagnostics, performance of laboratory research at the departments of laboratory service in centers for hygiene and epidemiology, radiation and functional diagnostics and asserts the list of medical knowledge and skills of a physician in these areas. DMF graduates can continue their training at the departments with a high demand for scientifically-pedagogical workers in the following magistrature specialties: «Human anatomy», «Pathophysiology, Physiology», «Biochemistry», «Microbiology, virology», «Histology, cytology, cell biology», «Public health and health care». The clinical residency makes it possible to receive additional education in all the specialties in accordance with the Standard. The Faculty trains highly qualified scientific personnel, the graduates having specialized in Diagnostic Medicine get training in the field of seven postgraduate specialties available at the University: «Biochemistry», «Physiology», «Pathophysiology», «Anatomy», «Public health and health care», «Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics», «Parasitology». Conclusion. The training at the Faculty as a whole corresponds to the principle of lifelong educational opportunities in accordance with the Code on Education of the Republic of Belarus. There are not such clinical specialties at the Magistrature as Radiation Diagnostics. Certain areas of training should obtain more potential for taking an internship in Diagnostic Medicine: functional diagnostics, ultrasound diagnosis, pathological anatomy. The best graduates will be able to continue their training at postgraduate school in the fundamental medical subjects, as well as in one clinical specialty, i.e. clinical laboratory diagnostics.

The work covers the present-day problems of nicotine addiction and the identification of the factors underlying its spread among young people and also the development of prophylactic measures aimed at the prevention against smoking in the young generation. The results of the study made it possible to detect risk youth groups by the formation of addictive behaviors on tobacco use, to establish a cause-effect relationship between smoking, development of respiratory and gastro-intestinal pathology, and the indicators of physical development. We have developed an algorithm to give a complex analysis addictive behavior of students at the stage of prenosological diagnosis. The above mentioned method can be used in public care institutions to conduct routine inspections of the population, in the individual assessment of behavioral characteristics, and also to assess the effectiveness of health-improving and medical interventions.

Objective: to define significant risk factors for the development of low-traumatic cervical hip fractures and to calculate relative risks for the development of the given complication in patients with osteoporosis. Material and methods. The database of the consulting room for metabolic disorders containing records about clinical epidemiological examinations of 1760 patients older 50 has been used for the analysis. The methods of parametrical and nonparametric statistics were used for the mathematical analysis. The data were presented in Ме format (Q25 %; Q75 %). Manna-Whitney criterion was used to define the statistical importance. The frequency of the complications was analyzed on χ². The relative risk and confidential interval were calculated by means of SPSS 13.0. Result. It was established, that 1617 patients (91,9 % according to the appealability) detected osteoporosis and 109 (6,2 %) patients - osteopenic syndrome. The latent period for low-traumatic cervical hip fractures and development of osteoporosis made about 10 years. The relative risk of cervical hip fractures was statistically higher in women over 70 and made 2,25 (2,11¸4,42) in relation to the group of women aged from 50 to 70. The relative risk of hip fractures in the group of male smokers made up 1,24 (1,10¸3,11) and was statistically significant. As for women, the significant relative risk for the development of osteoporosis was established in the onset of menopause before 45 and made 2,76 (1,03¸7,80) or dysmenorrhea in the anamnesis 2,65 (1,75¸5,99).

Objective: to study the diet peculiarities of school middle-aged children of Gomel. Materials and method: 426 children aged from 10 to 14 took part in the investigation. Their diet and eating patterns were studied using the method of a questionnaire. The statistical data processing was carried out with the software package of application programs SPSS-13, SPSS-16 with the use of comparative evaluation of distributions by the row of accounting features. Results. It has been established that only 45,3 % of the respondents have 3-4 meals a day and these children detect the least specific weight in their 7th form (33,3 %, χ² = 9,611, p < 0,05). 47,9 % of the children do not breakfast. Only 9 % of the children have meals at the same time. The specific weight of the children who have meals disorderly has grown by 1,7 times (from 19 to 32,6 %, r = 0,1; p < 0,05). The quality characteristics of the children's diet indicates of daily deficient consumption of dairy products (53,2 %), meat, poultry (74,2 %), sausages (64,1 %), seafood (89,2 %), vegetables (51,8 %), fruit (46,7 %) and juice (58,7 %). Conclusion. To improve the schoolchildren`s diet, it is necessary to promote actively eutrophy and organize available meals with the use of foodstuffs of high nutritional and biological value. The observance of the dietary rules in the present conditions of learning is possible with the use of new forms of service in school canteens.

The aim of research: to obtain new suture material modified by silver nanoparticles, which has an antibacterial effect, and to study the hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes and toxic effect on the germ cells of cattle. Material and methods. Nylon modified by silver nanoparticles has been used in the research. The methods to determine the hemolytic effect of polymeric materials in vitro and the toxic effects of extracts on bull’s sperm cells were used. The method to determine the hemolytic effect of polymeric materials was reproduced on the extracts obtained on the third and tenth days of the exposure. The results. The hemolysis percentage in all the samples made up less than 2, which made it possible to draw a conclusion about the absence of hemolytic effect of the extracts. The investigation of the effect of the extracts on the bull’s sperm cells revealed a significant increase in the time of sperm motility in the third- and tenth-day exposure samples compared with the control ones: 55, 45 and 32.5 minutes, respectively. Conclusion. The extracts from the suture material modified by silver nanoparticles do not possess a hemolytic effect and do not exert a toxic impact on the germ cells of cattle.