The present article summarizes the information regarding the mechanisms of arising hemodynamic complications during spinal anesthesia and determines different approaches to their prevention and intensive care

Ascariasis and echinococcosis are severe parasitogenic diseases. The quarter of the whole world population is infected with ascariasis. Ascariasis and echinococcosis are widely spread in the Middle East, India, Africa, Northern America, New Zealand, Australia, Turkey and Northern Europe. The comparative analysis of the most prevalent parasitogenic diseases followed by surgical complications is of great interest in non-endemic (Belarus) and endemic (Yemen) countries. This analysis results make it possible to receive reference data on tactics for surgery of parasitogenic diseases complications in abdominal cavity. The topicality of this problem is related to the prevalence of helminthiasis, in particular intestinal ascariasis in both Belarus and Yemen as well as the high frequency rate for recurrent cases of this pathology. Taking into account the fact that 5-7 % of the patients with this diagnosis have complications requiring operation, which does not always have good effect because helminthes continue parasitizing, the elaboration of new combined treatment methods (surgical and chemicotherapeutic) for this pathology is urgent and has great medical and social importance.

Doppler tissue imaging is a group of regimes based on the Doppler effect and the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the global and segmental myocardial function. Doppler tissue imaging enables to evaluate quantitatively the functional state of not only the left, but also the right ventricle. The using of Doppler tissue imaging is informative for assessing the global and regional function of the left heart ventricle. The Doppler tissue imaging made it possible to assess the systolic and diastolic function of the various segments of the left and right ventricles. The review presents the information about the principles and possibilities of Doppler tissue imaging, the new technology of ultrasound heart examination in assessment of myocardial function. The review also covers the history of myocardial Doppler tissue imaging. The main attention is focused on the characterization of Doppler myocardial tissue imaging regimes.

The purpose of the study was to establish relevant and practically important directions of research of the morphological and topographic features of renal arteries in adults. Materials and methods. We have studied 98 literature references on morphology, morphometric characteristics and topography of renal arteries in humans in the postnatal period. The present article analyzes the most well-grounded literary sources relevant to the issue and on their basis a conclusion has been made. Results. It has been established that the literature survey on the anatomy of the renal arteries in humans testify to ambiguity and inconsistency of the research results and their interpretation. Conclusion. The analysis of the available literature data determines the orientation of the morphological studies on the structure and topography of renal arteries in humans being of great practical importance.

Purpose: to determine the validity of the concept of a continuum of pathological lesions in the iliolumbar ligament. Materials and methods: publications containing information on the histopathology of radiation and the semiotics of ligament injuries, in particular, the iliolumbar ligament, found in the Resource PubMed. Results. The main beam and histological signs of corresponding stages of reactive changes, phase changes and reversible stage of irreversible change are highlighted. Conclusion. It is concluded that the usefulness of the concept of a pathological continuum in relation to the iliolumbar ligament is undoubted.

The article covers the basic principles and possibilities of optical coherent tomography as a method of pathology investigation in medical diagnostics. The study also considers the disadvantages of OCT-method and problems connected with the improvement of tomography due to the use of quasi-nondiffractive beam as probe radiation.

The article presents the structural and incidental analysis of acute poisoning caused by alcohol and its surrogates in patients during their hospital treatment for ten years.

The article presents the assessment results of erythrocyte aggregation, induced by alcian blue in 43 patients suffering from chronic recurrent infections (herpetic infections, furunculosis) during their remission. The dependence of the degree of aggregation was revealed on the frequency rate of relapses as well as duration of the disease.

The laser treatment of patients with focal diabetic macular edema (DME) has been conducted by the standard method (the control group of 47 eyes) and by the method developed by us (the main group of 100 eyes). The dynamic post-operative follow-up throughout the year showed a statistically significant advantage of the proposed method in improving the morphometric and functional parameters of the retina in the macular area. The patients of the main group revealed a decrease of the retinal thickness by 23,2 ± 16,7 mm, and of the control group by 11,4 ± 17,8 mm (p < 0,001) and improvement in visual acuity (VA), respectively, 57,0 and 25,2 % of eyes (p < 0,001).

Efficiency of autovenous aorto-iliac reconstruction in patients at high risk of infectious complications is discussed in the article. Main steps of design of proposed method are described. The study is performed in mixed fashion. Groups of high risk of infectious complications are determined by retrospective analysis of case histories. Experimental model of subcultural bacteremia was performed in 30 experimental animals - dogs. New method of autovenous aorto-iliac reconstruction in high risk patients was designed on a basis the data obtained. 10 patients underwent surgery of proposed fashion. Economic efficiency of the method is calculated in the article.

Objective: to study the quantitative and qualitative composition of perineural lymphoid infiltration in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Methods. The histological specimens of 28 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 12 patients with pancreatic cancer and 1 patient with chronic cholecystitis who had undergone the surgery of the head of pancreas were studied. Immunohistochemical expression of CD-45, CD-20, CD-5, CD-3 and CD-79 was studied in 14 cases (10 cases of chronic pancreatitis, 3 cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in chronic pancreatitis background disease and 1 case of chronic cholecystitis). Results. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of nerve trunks in the pancreas and parapancreatic adipose tissue were detected in 26 of 28 cases of chronic pancreatitis, in 9 of 12 cases of pancreatic cancer and in 1 case of chronic cholecystitis. The perineural lymphoid infiltration was revealed in more than a half of the revealed cases. The considerable variability of qualitative and quantitative cell composition of perineural infiltrate was determined in chronic pancreatitis. Conclusion. The reparative hyperplasia and hypertrophy of nervous tissue is the consequence of primary enzymatic damage of myelin sheaths of nerves in pancreas during acute conditions of chronic pancreatitis. These changes of nerve trunks are accompanied by the development of an autoimmune response which is probably the cause of pancreatic pain in the period between exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis. The ratio of T-cells and B-cells in perineural infiltrate is probably caused by different duration of pathological process.

Aim of research. To study resistance levels to different antibiotics of pyelonephritis etiologic agents, revealing of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers among agents and development of an algorithm of microbiological diagnostics and rational antibacterial therapy of pyelonephritis. Materials and methods. A total of 115 clinical strains of enterobacteria (70 - Escherichia coli , 35 - Proteus spp. , 10 - Klebsiella pneumoniae ) isolated from urine of patients with acute and chronic pyelonephritis were included in the research. The sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial agents was determined by disc diffusion method. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) production was carried out by using the double disk diffusion method. The genodetection of ESBL of various groups in etiologic agents of pyelonephritises was determined by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. The resistance of microorganisms, etiologic agents of pyelonephritises to antibiotics of various groups was evaluated. The study revealed high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases producers concerning to CTX-M group. Conclusion. The data obtained during the study about levels and resistance mechanisms of enterobacteria to antibacterial agents of different groups were the base for development of the algorithm of microbiological diagnostics and rational antibacterial therapy of pyelonephritis.

The article is devoted to the study of morphofunctional features of femoral vein in comparison with great subcutaneous vein and vascular prosthesis in experimental inclusion into the arterial blood flow. Ten mongrels were used as subjects of the experiment. They were implanted combined patches consisting of femoral and subcutaneous veins and artificial prosthesis into the femoral artery. The sampling of the material was taken 3, 6, 9 and 12 months later. The immunohistochemical examination of the received morphological material was carried out. The degree of development of microcirculation of large vessels perimisium was determined as one of the assessment criteria of the vascular transplant function. The study resulted in determination of the main patterns of the substitute functioning in the arterial flow.

Purpose of research: to develop an algorithm of differential diagnosis of the most prevalent organic and functional bowel disease on the basis of two «detecting» markers, i.e. fecal lactoferrin and fecal occult blood. Subject: The study included 48 patients with colorectal cancer, 52 patients with ulcerative colitis, 46 patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 25 healthy volunteers. Results: according to the previously published results of our study immunochemical test for occult blood in feces and fecal lactoferrin the most effective «detecting» markers of organic intestinal disease. The sensitivity of immunochemical fecal occult blood test is 84,44 % (95 % CI: 75,30-91,20), specificity - 100 %, fecal lactoferrin - 85,56 % (95 % CI: 76,60-92,10) and 84,78 % (95 % CI: 71,10-93,60), respectively. Combined determination of fecal lactoferrin and fecal occult blood can increase the sensitivity of each marker separately (97,78 %, 95 % CI: 92,20-99,70, p = 0,003 and p = 0,003, respectively). Conclusion: the application of fecal occult blood test and fecal lactoferrin may be assumed as the basis for the algorithm of differential diagnosis of organic and functional bowel disease, because the use of fecal occult blood test and/or fecal lactoferrin makes it possible to reveal signs of organic bowel disease and to establish the indications for its further in-depth examination.

In case of preterm delivery in placenta there are a number of pathological changes depending on what have caused them. The possibility of their study is retrospective, when the preterm birth has already occurred. The aim of this research was to ascertain the particular features of pregnancy in women with preterm delivery and early neonatal period of their newborns aimed at the identification of risk factors for the affection of the placenta. All the placenta samples revealed inflammatory changes. Hypoplasia of the placenta is more common in women with preterm delivery. Fetal growth retardation in preterm labor associated with the presence of involution-dystrophic changes and impaired maturation of the villi in the placenta.

Secondary leukemias in children in most cases are acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and by other chemical mutagens after treatment of malignant neoplasms (MN) or acquired aplastic anemia (AAA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory features of secondary AML. The study included 9 patients with secondary AML and 128 patients with de novo AML. The girls revealed secondary AML more often. The largest percentage of secondary AML cases was observed in the age group from 3 to 10 (age median: 11.5), the most frequently registered morphology was M1-M2, but statistically significant differences with de novo AML were not found (p > 0,05). When comparing the clinical manifestations, no significant differences were detected (p > 0,5). Meanwhile, the pathology of chromosome 7 with secondary AML was significantly the most prevalent (p ≤ 0,01).

The preclinical diagnostics for drug sensitivity of malignant blood cells contributes to administration of adequate treatment and its individualization. The scheme of laboratory studies and significance of each stage has been
presented in the article

The comparative analysis of the methylation status of promoter regions of eleven different suppressor genes has been carried out in the groups of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer and in patients without pathology with the use of methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The group without pathology revealed no methylation. The group of the patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in most cases revealed either no methylation or it occurred in only one of the eleven genes. Methylation of two or more genes was found in five cases which in further histological examination showed morphological evidence of in situ carcinoma . As a result of the comparative analysis of the study groups five candidate genes were selected for the genetic markers panel for differential prostate pathology diagnosis.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of detection of colorectal cancer at different stages of its development on the basis of fecal lactoferrin. Subject of study: 48 patients with colorectal cancer, 46 patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 25 healthy volunteers were included in the study group. The results of the study: it was found that fecal lactoferrin was diagnostically reliable with areas under the curve (AUC) at 0,940 ± 0,0327 and AUC: 0,956 ± 0,032, respectively in non-invasive diagnosis of early and late-stage colorectal cancer, and was not inferior to the immunochemical test for faecal occult blood (AUC: 0,939 ± 0,0342 and AUC: 0,931 ± 0,0393, p = 0,73 and p = 0,62,respectively).

The possibilities of intraoperative ultrasonic scanning from a mini access during invasive parathyroid surgery have been assessed. The exact intraoperative ultrasonic visualisation of the parathyroid tumour enables to get the mini access directly into the adenoma view. The removal of the parathyroid tumour through the mini-access (approximately 1,5 cm) makes it possible to achieve optimum results for primary hyperparathyroidism treatment, reduce the operation time and term of stay in hospital, to achieve good cosmetic effect.

The purpose of the study : to evaluate the diagnostic value of molecular genetic markers in pancreatic cancer. Subjects. Data on patients with pancreatic cancer and patients with chronic pseudo tumor-like pancreatitis. The point mutations in K-ras gene were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the mutations in BRCA1, 2 genes were determined, the status of methylation of promoter segment of р16INK4A gene was analyzed. 67 % patients with pancreatic cancer and 63,6 % patients with chronic pancreatitis detected the mutant K-ras gene. 6,7 % patients with pancreatic cancer revealed the BRCA1 gene mutations in the heterozygous state, 13 % patients revealed the gene BRCA2 mutations. Diagnosis of the K-ras gene mutations in patients with pseudo tumor-like pancreatitis is conjugated with high risk of transformation of the pancreas to adenocarcinoma. 41 % patients with pancreatic cancer detected aberrant hypermethylation of р16INK4A gene, which is indicative of its aggressive genotype and poor prognosis.

The article presents the principal methods used in radiochemical preparation of alpha-spectrometry samples as well as describes the major parameters of the methods, their advantages and drawbacks.

There are new data that provide evidence on formation of the active product of TBA from ethanol which has maximum light absorption at a wavelength of 532 nm in the interaction with oxygen radicals, which occur in aqueous solutions under the effect of ultrasonic waves. The results of the formation of TBA active products are confirmed in an experiment on protection of erythrocyte membranes from ethanol peroxidation in an ultrasonic field and the direct effect of ultrasound on ethanol solutions. We proposed a chemical mechanism of the alleged TBA active product, malondialdehyde from alcohol solution in the interaction with oxygen radicals in normal conditions. The mechanisms of formation of molecular iodine and iron three-plus in an ultrasonic field were illustrated. The role of alcohol in the formation of molecular iodine, iron and lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes is still being discussed.

Objective: to study the migration of mesenchymal stem cells introduced into the body of laboratory animals with induced toxic hepatitis. Materials and Methods: Wistar laboratory rats; CCl₄-induced toxic hepatitis, mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (isolation, cultivation and coloring by fluorescence PKH 67), the introduction of mesenchymal stem cells in rats, fluorescent microscopy of the organ cryo- images. Results: The analysis of the rats` fluorescence microscopy images revealed the presence of bright yellow-green cell size fluorescence foci (presumably of marked mesenchymal stem cells) caused by greenish cytoplasm autofluorescence and red nucleus fluorescence. It was found that the prevalence of these foci in various organs was differed. The highest density of the foci was observed in spleen and liver in chronic hepatitis. In kidneys, myocardium, lungs, in rare cases, there were isolated foci of bright fluorescence and cases of doubtfully positive cells. Conclusion: The intravenous administration of marked mesenchymal stem cells revealed specific fluorescent foci in the spleen of both the healthy and sick animals and in the liver of the rats with chronic hepatitis. This may be indicative of MSC`s tropism to spleen and injured liver. There was a trend to increase the concentration of the foci from the first to the fifth day of observation.

To determine the experimental aggravated conditions for modeling construction and interior design of polymeric materials making it possible to expedite their hygienic assessment and to identify indicator (priority) indoor air contaminants migrating from polymeric materials, the sanitary-chemical studies have been conducted. 54 samples of basic polymers were collected for research in a climate chamber of 0,12 m³. The experimental studies resulted in the determination of aggravated modeling conditions for polymer materials (temperature of 50 ± 2 °С, relative humidity 60 ± 5%), which made it possible to increase the level of indicator substance emission migrating from them, and to reduce the exposure time by 3 times, compared with the standard conditions. The list of tracer substances migrating from the polymeric materials, which depends on a type of the polymer matrix was also identified.

This article analyzes the medical social features of the patients diagnosed by the Medico-social Rehabilitation Commission of Experts as HIV-positive. It showed that the majority of them were of working age, and approximately two-thirds of them were men, and one-third women. Primary disablement in this pathology is very prevalent and makes up 75,2 %. In recent years, there has been a definite tendency towards an increase of the number of patients with this diagnosis.

Material and methods: 120 patients with COPD and 30 patients with chronic non-obstructive bronchitis were examined using the methods of expert rehabilitation diagnostics. Results. The clinical course features and the effects of major risk factors were studied. The criteria for the rehabilitation potential, rehabilitation prognosis, disability, indications to the determination of incapacity were developed and assessed. Conclusion. In the progression of COPD a statistically significant (χ² = 38,12, p = 0,0001) decrease in the relative frequency of high rehabilitation potential 0,7 (95 % CI 1,0-0,878) was identified in COPD I cases if to compare it with the control data. COPD III revealed an increase in the relative frequency of the average rehabilitation capacities up to 0,6 (95 % CI 0,038-0,307). Patients with COPD IV showed low rehabilitation potential with relative frequency of 0,4 (95 % CI 0,225-0,626). The study revealed a significant (χ² = 12,91, p = 0,012) increase of the relative frequency of one case of temporary disability, decrease of the relative frequency of patients without temporary disability cases, increase in the average duration of the case of temporary incapacity in severe COPD to 15,5 ± 3,62 (p < 0,05); the increase of the relative frequencies of 2 disability group (χ² = 33,34, p < 0,0001) if to compare with the control data.

Nowadays quality of life (QL) is an important criterion in the disease assessment. The aim of the study is to evaluate QL indicators in older children and adolescents with reflux-esophagitis (RE). 116 children and adolescents with RE in their exacerbation period and 232 practically healthy respondents aged 12-18 were interviewed by PedSQL 4.0 questionnaire. It was shown that QL of the patients with RE was significantly worse than in healthy children and adolescents (р < 0,00001) and was connected with all the spheres of their activity. Of the patients with RE, girls and those in older age group revealed more expressed disturbances in QL indicators. QL indicators of the children with RE decreased more often in cases of non-destructive lesions of mucous coat of stomach in comparison with erosive lesions. So, it is necessary to take into account the worsening of QL indicators in the children and adolescents with RE as a subjective criterion of disease perception in the patients with this pathology, which promotes the treatment optimization.

The present article describes a clinical case of ischemic cerebral infarction in а female patient with chronic HCV-infection. Although the prevalence of this pathology does not seem to be very high in comparison with that in general population, it remains life-threatening and must be well studied as one of the possible neurologic complications of chronic HCV infection concordant to mixed cryoglobulinemia, the most prevalent anhepatic HCV manifestation. However, the etiology and peculiarities of visceral cryoglobulinemia manifestations in chronic HCV infection need further research, which makes this problem extremely actual in the present-day HCV treatment.