The aim of this review was the study of the influence of electromagnetic radiation of microwave range on biological objects. The analysis of modern materials and methods of protection of biological objects from microwave radiation is carried out. The properties of composite radioabsorbing materials based on the polymeric binding and functional fillers are analyzed. The mechanisms of influence on biological objects by the electromagnetic radiation of microwave range are analyzed. The conclusion is that the composite radioabsorbing materials and electromagnetic screens are an effective solution to the problems of electromagnetic safety and electromagnetic ecology. The most perspective among them are composite materials based on thermoplastic binding.

The review presents data on the incidence rate, features of pathogenesis, antioxidant status, and functional and metabolic activity of neutrophils in children with community-acquired pneumonia.

In recent years there is an increasing topicality of the problem of prematurity because of the growing incidence of premature births in spite of the treatment of pregnant women and application of modern technologies of pregnancy prolongation. According to the WHO report (2015), 15 million children are born prematurely every year and this number is increasing. The article analyzes the risk factors for miscarriage depending on the degree of prematurity and also studies the pathology of the perinatal period, physical and psychomotor development in the first year of life of premature infants. Some distant outcomes of prematurity related to disturbances of physical development, motor and neurological disorders, and premature infant`s intellectual malfunction have been analyzed.

Objective: to define clinical manifestations associated with minor heart anomalies (MHAs) in children. Material and methods. We have surveyed 168 children aged 2-17. Results. MHAs were determined echocardiographically in all the age periods. Clinical manifestations were characterized by polymorphism in the children. 72.55 % (95 % CI 64.76-79.44) of the children observed a high proportion of concomitant dysplastic changes. Factors associated with multiple abnormally located cords of the left ventricle have been found (sensitivity - 79.16 %, specificity - 90.24 %). Conclusion. The frequency of detection of MHAs increases with age. Сardiac (51.98 % (95% CI 42.78-59.14)), arrhythmic (54.71 % (95% CI 56.58-72.25)), cerebroasthenic (13.07 % (95 % CI 8.17-19.46)), lipothymic manifestations (7.84 % (95 % CI 4.12-13.3)) are marked in the clinical picture of MHA, 18.30 % (95 % CI 12.52-25.35) of the cases have an asymptomatic clinical course.

Material and methods . The main group consisted of 45 (75.00 ± 5.59 %) females diagnosed with chronic endometritis, the control group - of 15 (25.00 ± 5.59 %) patients without chronic endometritis. Results. Disorders of the reproductive function were statistically significantly more often found in patients of the main group - 42 (93.33 ± 8.98 %) (χ² = 36.82, p < 0.00001), infertility - in 30 (66.67 ± 7.03 %) (χ² = 17.24, p < 0.00001). The estradiol concentration in patients with chronic endometritis was 0.22 (0.19-0.24), in the control group - 0.25 (0.22-0.27) nmol/l (z = -2.49, p = 0.01). Expression of estrogen receptors in the main group was 95.30 % (92.30-95.30 %), in the control group - 78.70 % (76.00-78.00 %) (z = 3.57, p = 0.0003). Conclusion. Low estrogen levels at the systemic level and high expression of estrogen receptors in the endometrium in female patients with chronic endometritis leads to high incidence rate - 93.3 % of reproductive dysfunction.

Objective: to evaluate expression of stress hormonal response in reconstructive abdominal aortic surgery. Material and methods. The level of blood cortisol in patients operated for stenosing disorders and atherosclerotic aneurisms of the infrarenal aorta has been studied. Results. The patients recorded a statistically significant increase of the cortisol level during the stage of the clamping of the aorta - by 1.98 times in comparison with the preoperative one; during the stage of termination of the operation the level of blood serum cortisol did not show a statistically significant change and stayed to be increased by 1.79 times. Conclusion . The increase of the blood serum cortisol from 340.84 nmol/l at the admission of a patient into an operating theatre up to 676.19 nmol/l 3-5 minutes later after the clamping of the aorta and up to 613.51 nmol/l at the end of the operational intervention is a stress-norm in abdominal aortic surgery in conditions of multicomponent well-balanced anesthesia with application of propofol and fentanyl.

Objective: to study the features of the clinical course of purulent spondylodysitis (SD). Material and methods . We have studied the general somatic and neurological status, the results of laboratory tests and instrumental methods of examination of 35 patients with SD. The median age of the patients was 57 years, 57.14 % were men, 42.86 % were women. Results. Spondylodiscitis of the cervical spine was detected in 3 (8.57%) patients, thoracic - in 14 (40 %) and lumbar - in 18 (51.43 %). Leukocytosis with a left shift and increased ESR are characteristic changes in general blood test in 100 % SD cases. Conclusion. Severe back pain (100 %), fever (80 %), and neurologic deficit (42.86 %) as motor disorders are the main clinical symptoms in patients with SD. S. aureus in 62.5% cases is the causative agent of SD and has a moderate ability to form biofilms. The presence of available abscesses in SD is an indication for their puncture under the supervision of ultrasound followed by bacteriological study before the beginning of antibiotic therapy. Сarbapenems are the most effective antibacterial drugs for SD.

Objective: to assess results of ultrasonography of the thickness of subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat in women with components of metabolic syndrome in the first trimester of pregnancy (n = 143). Material and methods. Anthropometrical parameters, indicators of carbohydrate and lipid exchange have been investigated. The thickness of subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat has been studied. Results. It has been found that increased thickness of subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat is observed in pregnant women with both metabolic syndrome and risk factors for development of metabolic syndrome. Women of reproductive age with obesity make a risk group of development of metabolic disorders in the gestational period. Conclusion. To prevent metabolic disorders and reproductive losses, it is necessary to take measures to reduce overweight in women before pregnancy. Prevalence and importance of obesity and metabolic syndrome in female patients of reproductive age necessitate further comprehensive and thorough investigation of pathogenetic mechanisms of its development aimed at decrease of cardiovascular risks in future.

Objective: to develop a histochemical staining technique that allows to make a more complete evaluation of the morphological characteristics of both separate cells and tissue structures in comparison with other methods. Materials. Data from sectional examination of 70 subjects: 35 subjects of the control group (staining of ligament fragments in this group was carried out with hematoxylin-eosin) and 35 subjects of the main group (staining of ligament fragments in this group was performed with toluidine blue and nuclear strong red). Results. The range of values of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio when material was stained with toluidine blue and nuclear fast red was much narrower and contained less «emissions» than the range of values of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio when stained with hematoxylin-eosin: 0.46 ± 0.04 and 0.46 ± 0.07, respectively. Conclusion. The proposed new staining method makes it possible to get the preparation quickly (the time from the moment of taking the material till procurement of the finished preparation is about 3 hours), and besides, it ensures obtainment of data with a smaller spread of the values of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in comparison with the traditional staining technique.

Objective: to evaluate the functional properties of neutrophils in patients with IgA deficiency. Material and methods. We have studied the functional state of neutrophils (phagocytosis, ability to form active forms of oxygen and extracellular traps) in 58 patients (33 women, 25 men) with the confirmed diagnosis of partial IgA deficiency (38 patients) and general variable immune deficiency (20 patients) with a decreased content of IgA and IgG. Results. Patients with IgA deficiency reveal increased oxygen-dependent ability of blood neutrophils to form extracellular traps. The maximum degree of increase in the indices of netosis is found in patients with a lower IgA value (less than 0.3 g/l). Conclusion. Patients with a defect in the production of IgA observe disturbances of the functional properties of blood neutrophils by way of activation of their ability to form extracellular networks. This fact can be one of the prerequisites of increased patients` predisposition to develop autoimmune pathology.

Objective: to identify of a range of functions in patients with relapsing-remitting course of multiple sclerosis. Material and methods: 15 patients with have been examined (women, men; the average age was 38 {28;50}). The identification of the neuropsychological status before and after treatment was carried out by means of the neuropsychological test by Luriya A.R. modified by Wasserman L.S. Results: In patients with multiple sclerosis before the treatment have been revealed mild cognitive disorders manifested by disturbance in the form of difficulties in visual and object gnosis and constructive praxis. The conclusion: The revealed changes in patients with multiple sclerosis were not associated with disorders of attention characteristics, as it had been shown for cerebral infarction, and also had primary genesis.

Objective: to assess the information value of laboratory markers of nervous tissues to diagnose preclinical variants of distal diabetic polyneuropathy. Material and methods. We examined patients (n = 181) who were divided into 2 groups: the main group (n = 81) with the verified diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the comparison group (n=100) without any endocrine pathology. The results having obtained in the main group were compared depending on the preclinical form of distal diabetic polyneuropathy detected on the basis of the electroneuromyography data: sensory form (group 1, n = 49) and sensor-motor form (group 2, n = 32). The levels of neuro-specific proteins: neuron-specific enolase (NSE), protein S 100 were determined in the blood of the patients. Results. It has been found that the NSE level in the patients of the main group was mainly within 0.17 and 2 ng/ml and, more rarely, within 2.07 and 6.93 ng/ml. The range of normal NSE values in the patients of the comparison group was mainly within 8.01 and 12.0 ng/ml. The ranges of S 100 protein values did not differ in patients with DM or without DM. The threshold value of NCE = 1.04 ng/ml has been found, which makes it possible to perform a differential diagnosis of the preclinical forms of distal diabetic polyneuropathy (groups 1 and 2) with sensitivity and specificity of 85.7%; (± 95% CI: 72.8-94.1) and 78.1% (± 95% CI: 60.0-90.7), respectively. Conclusion The level of NSE is a sensitive marker of distal diabetic polyneuropathy which allows to detect the development of distal diabetic polyneuropathy during the preclinical stage, as well as to perform a differential diagnosis of sensory and sensor-motor preclinical forms.

Objective: to study the chemical composition of the surface layer of enamel in dental caries depending on the activity of carious lesions. Material and methods. The chemical composition of the surface layer of enamel in teeth samples with arrested (n = 15) and active (n = 15) caries was studied using the high resolution SEM «Mira» by the firm «Tescan» (Czech Republic) with the micro spectral analyzer «INCA Energy 350» of the firm «Oxford Instruments Analytical» (Great Britain). Results. We have revealed reliable increases in carbon, oxygen and other light elements in the surface layer of the enamel at the area of active carious lesions in comparison with intact enamel and arrested carious lesions; significant decreases in the content of calcium, phosphorus, ratio of Ca / P coefficient for the surface layer of the enamel of active carious lesions in comparison with intact enamel and arrested carious lesions. We have revealed no reliable differences in the content of C, O, Ca, P, CI in the surface layer of intact enamel and that at the area of arrested no cavity caries.

Objective: to study the effect of human blood serum on the structure of the synovial environment of the rat`s joint. Material and methods. The experiment was performed on three groups of white laboratory rats, 12 in each group. All the animals were given injections of human blood serum into the left knee joint, and 0.9% NaCl into the right one (control). The animals of the first group were withdrawn from the experience one week after intra-articular injections, the second and third groups - also a week later, after two and three injections, respectively, the interval between the injections was one week. The histological examination of the knee joints of the rats was made according to the generally accepted procedure. Results. No pathological tissue reactions to the introduction of human blood serum into the joints of the rats have been detected. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate that blood serum has a pronounced regenerative potential in relation to cartilage tissue.

Objective. Creating a mathematical model for assessing urination using patient complaints data, urination parameters obtained by performing uroflowmetry. Material and methods. To construct a mathematical model, data from the results of uroflowmetry and questionnaires of 100 patients with various disorders of urination were used. The implementation of the decision-making algorithm is carried out by means of alternate conditional blocks. Results. Using a mathematical model of urination makes it possible to speed up the diagnosis and choose effective therapy. As a result of testing the introduction of the uroflowmetry data of 100 patients into the created program, we obtained a coincidence of diagnoses in 8 cases out of 10 (80 %), which gives us reason to believe that in the further development of the program, its application is possible, which will allow us to use the developed mathematical model to determine the type of urination disturbance. And with further improvement of the model, it is expected to be used for individual selection of medications during the treatment. Conclusion. A mathematical model describing the parameters of the patient's urination in norm and under various types of pathology has been developed. On the basis of this mathematical model, a computer program has been created that, with further development, can determine with a high degree of accuracy the type of urination disturbance in order to facilitate the objectification of the diagnosis to the patient and a faster onset of early effective individual treatment.

Objective: to study features of physical activity of the population of Gomel region depending on age and gender. Material and methods . The methodical basis of the study was selective one-time observation. 1050 respondents aged from 18 to 60 and older (370 men, 680 women) took part in a sociological poll. The computer database SPSS.Statistics.22 was made on the basis of the conducted study. To obtain scientifically substantiated results, the received data were subjected to the statistical analysis. Results . The population residing in various districts of Gomel region are characterized by certain kinds of physical exercise: walking (58.6 %), cycling (22.9 %), jogging (17.8 %). 11.2 % respondents spend less than 30 minutes a day on physical activity, and the most of it - in men (p < 0.01). 69.4 % respondents do not attend any sport centers and it is more relevant for women (p < 0.01). An inverse correlation between the age and types of aerobic exercise has been determined (walking, cycling, jogging), (r = -0.6, p < 0.05).

Black (pigment) adrenal adenoma is a rather rare adenoma of the cortical layer of the adrenal gland. It has black or brown appearance and contains lipofuscin in its cell cytoplasm. Preoperative diagnosis of black adrenal adenoma is complicated as verification of the adenoma is based on histological features. The work presents a rare case of incidentally discovered non-functioning black adenoma of the right adrenal gland in a 52-year-old woman.

The article describes a clinical case of the asymptomatic course of generalized aspergillosis associated with HIV infection diagnosed at autopsy.

The article presents a case of lung tuberculosis in a woman who appeared to be a source of infection for several children in the family. The clinical case shows a connection of high epidemical significance of maternal tuberculosis with the disease features in a woman with social risk factors and high delivery parity (rapid progressing with massive bacterial excretion and low-symptomatic course).

The article describes a case of Letterer-Siwe disease (Langerhans cells histocytosis, histiocytosis X) in a 1-year-old infant, presents the authors` own observations focusing on the macroscopic and histological picture of skin lesions. The work also notes difficulties of diagnosis of this disease. Reliable morphological features of Letterer-Siwe disease were revealed during the histologic examination of the skin.

Objective : to analyze our own experience and literature data on the use of targeted antibacterial therapy in a patient with severe pneumonia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Materials. The work presents a clinical case of successful treatment of a patient with community-acquired pneumonia, sepsis, and MODS, caused by multidrug resistant pathogens. Targeted antibiotic therapy was used during the treatment of the patient. Discussion . We have done a review of the literature and our own data on the antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. The targeted antibacterial therapy in severe patients having a multidrug-resistant flora and MODS has the following features: it includes several drugs, is administered by courses, is often combined with antimycotic drugs, antibacterial drugs can be used via inhalation. The evaluation of clinical data, blood counts, as well as indicators of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and cholesterol provide substantial assistance during the monitoring of the therapy effectiveness. Conclusion. Among all the components of intensive care in a patient with community-acquired pneumonia, sepsis, and MODS, etiotropic therapy plays a leading role.

Objective: to study the shape of erythrocytes and structure of their surface layer including the membrane and cytoskeleton (actin-spectrin network) in child patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Material and methods. The methods of optic and atomic-force microscopy were used in the study. Results. A variety of erythrocyte shapes with such prevalent types as discocytes, spherocytes, and echinocytes were revealed in the blood of the patients. The surface of certain cells contained microvesicules. The spatial heterogeneity of the structure of mechanical property maps of the cell surface layer was detected. Conclusion. The diversity of erythrocyte features in patients with hereditary spherocytosis is present both at the level of the cell shapes and at the level of the structure of mechanical property maps of their surface layer.