FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE OPHTHALMOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH THYROID GLAND PATHOLOGY
https://doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2012-9-3-14
Abstract
The research work deals with the problems of diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune ophthalmopathy associated with thyroid gland pathology. The article presents a detailed list of examinations in this pathology with the evaluation of the process activity according to the scale of clinical activity, and assessment of the severity of ophthalmopathy by a number of parameters. The major elements of treatment, including general recommendations, symptomatic and pathogenetic treatment and the basic aspects of surgical treatment were considered.
About the Authors
E. V. Bogomazova
Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Medical Rehabilitation and Expertise, Minsk
Belarus
Belarus
T. V. Mokhort
Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk
Belarus
Belarus
References
1. Богомазова, Е. В. Оценка эффективности различных схем патогенетической терапии аутоиммунной офтальмопатии (АИО) / Е. В. Богомазова // Мед. журн. - 2006. - № 1. - С. 37-39.
2. Бровкина, А. Ф. Эндокринная офтальмопатия / А. Ф. Бровкина. - М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2004. - 176 с.
3. Влияние селена на течение легких форм офтальмопатии Грейвса / C. Marcocci [et. al.] // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2011. - Vol. 5 № 37. - Р. 1920-1931.
4. Воинов, В. А. Аутоиммунные болезни и эфферентная терапия / В. А. Воинов // Новые Санкт-Петербург. врачеб. ведомости. - 1999. - № 1. - С. 59-62.
5. Диагностика и лечение аутоиммунной орбитопатии, ассоциированной с патологией щитовидной железы / Е. В. Богомазова [и др.] // Инструкция по применению МЗ РБ. - Минск, 2010. - 21 с.
6. Кирковский, В. В. Стратегия и тактика лечебного плазмафереза при аутоиммунных заболеваниях / В. В. Кирковский [и др.] // Диагностика и лечение аутоиммунных заболеваний: сб. науч. тр. и тез. докл. междунар. конф., Минск, 27 сент. 2002 г. - Минск, 2002. - С. 82-85.
7. Миносян, Л. А. Лечебный плазмаферез, его применение в клинической практике / Л. А. Миносян // Вестн. службы крови России. - 2000. - № 3. - С. 34-37.
8. Пульс-терапия преднизолоном у больных с аутоиммунной офтальмопатией / М. Г. Казакова [и др.] // Диагностика и лечение узлового зоба: материалы III Всерос. тиреоидологического конгр., Москва, 29-30 нояб. 2004 г. / МЗ и соц. развития РФ. Рос. акад. мед. наук. ГУ «Эндокринологический научный центр» РАМН. Общ. орг. рос. ассоц. эндокринологов. - М., 2004. - С. 151.
9. Сасим, И. В. Опыт комплексного лечения пациентов с орбитопатией Грейвса / И. В. Сасим // Актуальные проблемы теории, практики медицины, подготовки научных и профессиональных кадров: сб. науч. тр.: в 2-х т. / БелМАПО; Редкол.: А. Г. Мрочек [и др.]. - Минск, 2002. - Т. 2. - С. 117-124.
10. Сорока, Н. Ф. Некоторые проблемы применения глюкортикоидных гормонов в клинической практике / Н. Ф. Сорока // Рецепт. - 2002. - № 2. - С. 40-45.
11. Acute and severe liver damage associated with intravenous glucocorticoid pulse therapy in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy / M. Marino [et al.] / Thyroid. - 2004. - Vol. 14. - Р. 403-406.
12. Bahn, R. S. Choice of therapy and criteria for assessing treatment outcome in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy / R. S. Bahn, C. A. Gorman // Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. - 1987. - Vol. 16. - Р. 391-407.
13. Balanced orbital decompression combined with fat removal in Graves ophthalmopathy: do we really need to remove the third wall? / M. Unal [et. al.] // Ophthal. Plast. Reeconstr. Surg. - 2003. - Vol. 19, № 2. - P. 112-118.
14. Bartalena, L. Management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Reality and perspectives // L. Bartalena, A. Pinchera, C. Marcocci // Endocrine Rev. - 2000. - Vol. 21, № 2. - P. 168-199.
15. Bartalena, L. Orbital radiotherapy for Graves’ Ophthalmopathy / L. Bartalena, C. Marcocci, A. Pinchera // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. - 2004. - Vol. 89, № 1. - P. 13-14.
16. Bartalena, L. Risk factors and prevention of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / L. Bartalena, M. L. Tanda, E. Piantanida // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb. 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 13-14.
17. Beneficial effect of pentoxyfilline on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy/ C. Balazs [et. al.] // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1998. - Vol. 82. - P. 1999-2002.
18. Antioxidant agents in the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / E. A. Bouzas [et al.] // Am J Ophthalmol. - 2000. - Vol. 129. - P. 618-622.
19. Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy / M. P. Mourits [et. al.] // Clin. Endocrinol. - 1997. - Vol. 47, № 1. - P. 9-14.
20. Clinical assessment of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy recommendations to generalists, specialists and clinical researchers / European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy, W. M. Wiersinga [et. al.] // Eur. J. of Endocrinology. - 2006. - Vol. 155, № 3. - P. 387-389.
21. Clinical features of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: a European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) survey / L. McKeag [et. al.] // Br. J. Ophthalmol. - 2007. - Vol. 91, № 4. - P. 455-458.
22. Comparison of the effectiveness and tolerability of intravenous or oral glucocorticoids associated with orbital radiotherapy in the management of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy: results of a prospective, single-blind, randomized study / C. Marcocci [et. al.] // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. - 2001. - Vol. 86, № 8. - P. 3562-3567.
23. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO / L. Bartalena [et. al.] // Eur. J. of Endocrinology. - 2008. - Vol. 158, № 3. - P. 273-285.
24. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR) in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy / A. J. Dic-kinson [et. al.] // J. Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2004. - Vol. 89. - P. 5910-5915.
25. Dourakis, S. P. Acute severe steathoepatitis related to prednisolone therapy / S. P. Dourakis, V. A. Sevastianos, P. Kalipi // Am J Gastroenterol. - 2002. - Vol. 97. - P. 1074-1075.
26. Effect of octreotide treatment on Graves’ ophthalmopathy / A. R. Uysal [et. al.] // Endocr. J. - 1999. - Vol. 46. - P. 537-577.
27. Ettl, A. Decompression for Thyroid eye disease: advantages and disadvantages of different methods / A. Ettl // Acta Medica Austriaca. - 2001. - Vol. 28, № 4. - P. 113-116.
28. Graves’ ophthalmopathy - randomized trial of an appropriate surgical procedure / J. Witte [et. al.] // 5th Eur. Congr. of Endocrinology. - Turin, 2001. - P. 15.
29. Karlsson, F. A. The importance of maintaining euthyroidism / F. A. Karlsson // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 17.
30. Krassas, G. E. Somatostatin analogs: a new tool for the management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / G. E. Krassas // J Endocrinol Invest. - 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 281-287.
31. Lind, P. Ablative therapy for Graves’ hyperthyroidism in patients with ophthalmopathy / P. Lind // Acta Medica Austriaca. - 2001. - Vol. 28, № 4. - P. 105-107.
32. Long term therapeutic effects of orbital radiotherapy associated with systemic glucocorticoids in the management of moderate-severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy / R. Rocchi [et. al.] // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 43.
33. Marcocci, C. Orbital radiotherapy: Harmless or harmful? / C. Marcocci // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 22-23.
34. Mourits, M. P. Is the outcome of immunosuppressive treatment in GO predictable? / M. P. Mourits // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 16.
35. Multi-center study on the characteristics and treatment strategies of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the first European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy experience / M. F. Prummel [et. al.] // Eur. J. of Endocrinology. - 2003. - Vol. 148, № 5. - P. 491-495.
36. New ultrasonographic method to detect disease activity and predict response to immunosuppressive treatment in Graves ophthal-mopathy / M. F. Prummel [et al.] // Ophthalmology. - 1993. - Vol. 100. - P. 556-561.
37. Octreotide (long-acting release formulation) treatment in patients with graves’ orbitopathy: clinical results of a four-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study / J. L. Wemeau [et al.] // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.- 2005. - Vol. 90. - P. 841-848.
38. Orbital irradiation for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Is it safe? A long-term follow-up study / I. M. Wakelkamp [et. al.] // Ophthalmology. - 2004. - Vol. 111, № 8. - P. 1557-1562.
39. Pinchera, A. Thyroid ablation in the management of ophthalmopathy: Pros. // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 18.
40. Role of thyroid remnant ablation after thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: its effects on the course of related ophthalmopathy / M. Moleti [et. al.] // 5th Eur. Congr. of Endocrinology. - Turin, 2001. - P. 13.
41. MR T2 relaxation time for the assessment of retrobulbar inflammation in Graves’ ophthalmopathy / C. I. Utech [et al.] // Thyroid. - 1995. - Vol. 5. - P. 185-193.
42. Wakelkamp, I. M. Surgical or medical decompression as a first line treatment of very severy ophthalmopathy / I. M. Wakelkamp // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 26.
43. Weissel, M. Fatal liver failure after high-dose glucocorticoid pulse therapy in a patient with severe thyroid eye disease / M. Weissel, W. Hauff // Thyroid. - 2000. - Vol. 10. - P. 521.
44. Wiersinga, W. M. Effects of Graves’ ophthalmopathy on quality of life / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel, C. B. Terwee // J. Endocrinol. Invest. - 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 259-264.
45. Wiersinga, W. M. The philosophy of Graves’ ophthal-mopathy / W. M. Wiersinga // Orbit. - 2005. - Vol. 24. - P. 165-171.
46. Wiersinga, W. M. Pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy - current understanding / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. - 2001. - Vol. 86. - P. 501-503.
47. Wiersinga, W. M. An evidence-based approach to the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel // Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. - 2000. - Vol. 29, № 2. - P. 297-319.
48. Wiersinga, W. M. Epidemiology and prevention of Graves' ophthalmopathy / W. M. Wiersinga, L. Bartalena // Thyroid. - 2002. - Vol. 112, № 10. - P. 855-860.
49. Wiersinga, W. M. Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a rational approach treatment / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel // Clinical case studies in endocrinology: 10th EFES Postgraduate clinical endocrinology course,
50. Богомазова, Е. В. Оценка эффективности различных схем патогенетической терапии аутоиммунной офтальмопатии (АИО) / Е. В. Богомазова // Мед. журн. - 2006. - № 1. - С. 37-39.
51. Бровкина, А. Ф. Эндокринная офтальмопатия / А. Ф. Бровкина. - М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2004. - 176 с.
52. Влияние селена на течение легких форм офтальмопатии Грейвса / C. Marcocci [et. al.] // N. Engl. J. Med. - 2011. - Vol. 5 № 37. - Р. 1920-1931.
53. Воинов, В. А. Аутоиммунные болезни и эфферентная терапия / В. А. Воинов // Новые Санкт-Петербург. врачеб. ведомости. - 1999. - № 1. - С. 59-62.
54. Диагностика и лечение аутоиммунной орбитопатии, ассоциированной с патологией щитовидной железы / Е. В. Богомазова [и др.] // Инструкция по применению МЗ РБ. - Минск, 2010. - 21 с.
55. Кирковский, В. В. Стратегия и тактика лечебного плазмафереза при аутоиммунных заболеваниях / В. В. Кирковский [и др.] // Диагностика и лечение аутоиммунных заболеваний: сб. науч. тр. и тез. докл. междунар. конф., Минск, 27 сент. 2002 г. - Минск, 2002. - С. 82-85.
56. Миносян, Л. А. Лечебный плазмаферез, его применение в клинической практике / Л. А. Миносян // Вестн. службы крови России. - 2000. - № 3. - С. 34-37.
57. Пульс-терапия преднизолоном у больных с аутоиммунной офтальмопатией / М. Г. Казакова [и др.] // Диагностика и лечение узлового зоба: материалы III Всерос. тиреоидологического конгр., Москва, 29-30 нояб. 2004 г. / МЗ и соц. развития РФ. Рос. акад. мед. наук. ГУ «Эндокринологический научный центр» РАМН. Общ. орг. рос. ассоц. эндокринологов. - М., 2004. - С. 151.
58. Сасим, И. В. Опыт комплексного лечения пациентов с орбитопатией Грейвса / И. В. Сасим // Актуальные проблемы теории, практики медицины, подготовки научных и профессиональных кадров: сб. науч. тр.: в 2-х т. / БелМАПО; Редкол.: А. Г. Мрочек [и др.]. - Минск, 2002. - Т. 2. - С. 117-124.
59. Сорока, Н. Ф. Некоторые проблемы применения глюкортикоидных гормонов в клинической практике / Н. Ф. Сорока // Рецепт. - 2002. - № 2. - С. 40-45.
60. Acute and severe liver damage associated with intravenous glucocorticoid pulse therapy in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy / M. Marino [et al.] / Thyroid. - 2004. - Vol. 14. - Р. 403-406.
61. Bahn, R. S. Choice of therapy and criteria for assessing treatment outcome in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy / R. S. Bahn, C. A. Gorman // Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. - 1987. - Vol. 16. - Р. 391-407.
62. Balanced orbital decompression combined with fat removal in Graves ophthalmopathy: do we really need to remove the third wall? / M. Unal [et. al.] // Ophthal. Plast. Reeconstr. Surg. - 2003. - Vol. 19, № 2. - P. 112-118.
63. Bartalena, L. Management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Reality and perspectives // L. Bartalena, A. Pinchera, C. Marcocci // Endocrine Rev. - 2000. - Vol. 21, № 2. - P. 168-199.
64. Bartalena, L. Orbital radiotherapy for Graves’ Ophthalmopathy / L. Bartalena, C. Marcocci, A. Pinchera // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. - 2004. - Vol. 89, № 1. - P. 13-14.
65. Bartalena, L. Risk factors and prevention of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / L. Bartalena, M. L. Tanda, E. Piantanida // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb. 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 13-14.
66. Beneficial effect of pentoxyfilline on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy/ C. Balazs [et. al.] // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 1998. - Vol. 82. - P. 1999-2002.
67. Antioxidant agents in the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / E. A. Bouzas [et al.] // Am J Ophthalmol. - 2000. - Vol. 129. - P. 618-622.
68. Clinical activity score as a guide in the management of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy / M. P. Mourits [et. al.] // Clin. Endocrinol. - 1997. - Vol. 47, № 1. - P. 9-14.
69. Clinical assessment of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy recommendations to generalists, specialists and clinical researchers / European Group on Graves’ Orbitopathy, W. M. Wiersinga [et. al.] // Eur. J. of Endocrinology. - 2006. - Vol. 155, № 3. - P. 387-389.
70. Clinical features of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: a European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) survey / L. McKeag [et. al.] // Br. J. Ophthalmol. - 2007. - Vol. 91, № 4. - P. 455-458.
71. Comparison of the effectiveness and tolerability of intravenous or oral glucocorticoids associated with orbital radiotherapy in the management of severe Graves' ophthalmopathy: results of a prospective, single-blind, randomized study / C. Marcocci [et. al.] // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. - 2001. - Vol. 86, № 8. - P. 3562-3567.
72. Consensus statement of the European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of GO / L. Bartalena [et. al.] // Eur. J. of Endocrinology. - 2008. - Vol. 158, № 3. - P. 273-285.
73. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of octreotide long-acting repeatable (LAR) in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy / A. J. Dic-kinson [et. al.] // J. Clin Endocrinol Metab. - 2004. - Vol. 89. - P. 5910-5915.
74. Dourakis, S. P. Acute severe steathoepatitis related to prednisolone therapy / S. P. Dourakis, V. A. Sevastianos, P. Kalipi // Am J Gastroenterol. - 2002. - Vol. 97. - P. 1074-1075.
75. Effect of octreotide treatment on Graves’ ophthalmopathy / A. R. Uysal [et. al.] // Endocr. J. - 1999. - Vol. 46. - P. 537-577.
76. Ettl, A. Decompression for Thyroid eye disease: advantages and disadvantages of different methods / A. Ettl // Acta Medica Austriaca. - 2001. - Vol. 28, № 4. - P. 113-116.
77. Graves’ ophthalmopathy - randomized trial of an appropriate surgical procedure / J. Witte [et. al.] // 5th Eur. Congr. of Endocrinology. - Turin, 2001. - P. 15.
78. Karlsson, F. A. The importance of maintaining euthyroidism / F. A. Karlsson // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 17.
79. Krassas, G. E. Somatostatin analogs: a new tool for the management of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / G. E. Krassas // J Endocrinol Invest. - 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 281-287.
80. Lind, P. Ablative therapy for Graves’ hyperthyroidism in patients with ophthalmopathy / P. Lind // Acta Medica Austriaca. - 2001. - Vol. 28, № 4. - P. 105-107.
81. Long term therapeutic effects of orbital radiotherapy associated with systemic glucocorticoids in the management of moderate-severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy / R. Rocchi [et. al.] // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 43.
82. Marcocci, C. Orbital radiotherapy: Harmless or harmful? / C. Marcocci // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 22-23.
83. Mourits, M. P. Is the outcome of immunosuppressive treatment in GO predictable? / M. P. Mourits // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 16.
84. Multi-center study on the characteristics and treatment strategies of patients with Graves' orbitopathy: the first European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy experience / M. F. Prummel [et. al.] // Eur. J. of Endocrinology. - 2003. - Vol. 148, № 5. - P. 491-495.
85. New ultrasonographic method to detect disease activity and predict response to immunosuppressive treatment in Graves ophthal-mopathy / M. F. Prummel [et al.] // Ophthalmology. - 1993. - Vol. 100. - P. 556-561.
86. Octreotide (long-acting release formulation) treatment in patients with graves’ orbitopathy: clinical results of a four-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study / J. L. Wemeau [et al.] // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.- 2005. - Vol. 90. - P. 841-848.
87. Orbital irradiation for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Is it safe? A long-term follow-up study / I. M. Wakelkamp [et. al.] // Ophthalmology. - 2004. - Vol. 111, № 8. - P. 1557-1562.
88. Pinchera, A. Thyroid ablation in the management of ophthalmopathy: Pros. // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 18.
89. Role of thyroid remnant ablation after thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: its effects on the course of related ophthalmopathy / M. Moleti [et. al.] // 5th Eur. Congr. of Endocrinology. - Turin, 2001. - P. 13.
90. MR T2 relaxation time for the assessment of retrobulbar inflammation in Graves’ ophthalmopathy / C. I. Utech [et al.] // Thyroid. - 1995. - Vol. 5. - P. 185-193.
91. Wakelkamp, I. M. Surgical or medical decompression as a first line treatment of very severy ophthalmopathy / I. M. Wakelkamp // 7th Int. Symp. on Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, Pisa, 6-8 Feb., 2003. - Pisa, 2003. - P. 26.
92. Weissel, M. Fatal liver failure after high-dose glucocorticoid pulse therapy in a patient with severe thyroid eye disease / M. Weissel, W. Hauff // Thyroid. - 2000. - Vol. 10. - P. 521.
93. Wiersinga, W. M. Effects of Graves’ ophthalmopathy on quality of life / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel, C. B. Terwee // J. Endocrinol. Invest. - 2004. - Vol. 27. - P. 259-264.
94. Wiersinga, W. M. The philosophy of Graves’ ophthal-mopathy / W. M. Wiersinga // Orbit. - 2005. - Vol. 24. - P. 165-171.
95. Wiersinga, W. M. Pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy - current understanding / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. - 2001. - Vol. 86. - P. 501-503.
96. Wiersinga, W. M. An evidence-based approach to the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel // Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. - 2000. - Vol. 29, № 2. - P. 297-319.
97. Wiersinga, W. M. Epidemiology and prevention of Graves' ophthalmopathy / W. M. Wiersinga, L. Bartalena // Thyroid. - 2002. - Vol. 112, № 10. - P. 855-860.
98. Wiersinga, W. M. Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a rational approach treatment / W. M. Wiersinga, M. F. Prummel // Clinical case studies in endocrinology: 10th EFES Postgraduate clinical endocrinology course, Riga, 29-31 May, 2003. - Riga, 2003. - P. 19-25.
Review
For citations:
Bogomazova E.V., Mokhort T.V. FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE OPHTHALMOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH THYROID GLAND PATHOLOGY. Health and Ecology Issues. 2012;(3):69-75. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2012-9-3-14
Views:
361
Email this article 