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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zdor</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы здоровья и экологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health and Ecology Issues</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-0967</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2708-6011</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Gomel State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51523/2708-6011.2024-21-4-01</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zdor-2721</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Патогенетические особенности Giardia lamblia, достижения и перспективы генотипирования простейшего</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pathogenetic features of Giardia lamblia, achievements and prospects for genotyping the protozoan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3540-3459</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуманская</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumanskaya</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шуманская Светлана Юрьевна, м.н.с. лаборатории иммунологии и клеточной биотехнологии</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sviatlana Yu. Shumanskaya, Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.shumanskaia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5625-9812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жизневская</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhyzneuskaya</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жизневская Анастасия Анатольевна, стажер м.н.с. лаборатории иммунологии и клеточной биотехнологии</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya A. Zhyzneyskaya, Trainee Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anastasia.zhyzneyskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3919-0625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorieva</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Григорьева Елена Евгеньевна, к.б.н., доцент, в.н.с. лаборатории иммунологии и клеточной биотехнологии</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena E. Grigorieva, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Leading Researcher at the Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">grigus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7020-387X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дронина</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dronina</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дронина Алина Михайловна, к.м.н., доцент, заместитель директора по научной работе</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alina M. Dronina, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Deputy Director for Research</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alinadronina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-1176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомина</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фомина Елена Георгиевна, д.б.н., заведующий лабораторией иммунологии и клеточной биотехнологии</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena G. Fomina, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biotechnology</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">feg1@tut.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Республиканский научно-практический центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шуманская С.Ю., Жизневская А.А., Григорьева Е.Е., Дронина А.М., Фомина Е.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шуманская С.Ю., Жизневская А.А., Григорьева Е.Е., Дронина А.М., Фомина Е.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shumanskaya S.Y., Zhyzneuskaya A.A., Grigorieva E.E., Dronina A.M., Fomina E.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.gsmu.by/jour/article/view/2721">https://journal.gsmu.by/jour/article/view/2721</self-uri><abstract><p>Лямблиоз не теряет своей актуальности, несмотря на активное развитие таких направлений медицины, как диагностика, лечение и профилактика. Выделяют 8 генетических групп простейшего Giardia lamblia – от А до Н. Генетические комплексы А и В долгое время связывали с возникновением инвазии у человека, когда другие – от С до H – выявлялись лишь у специфичных животных-хозяев. Последние данные исследования простейшего указывают на то, что это распределение условно и циркуляция генетических сборок G. lamblia является более сложным и многофакторным процессом. В свою очередь фенотипически неразличимые группы А и В также имеют значительные генетические отличия и делятся на подгруппы АI, АII и АIII, а также ВIII и ВIV. Во многих научных исследованиях основным методом, позволяющим установить принадлежность G. lamblia к определенной сборке, наряду с частичным или полногеномным секвенированием является мультилокусное определение полиморфизма длин рестрикционных фрагментов с использованием «традиционных» генов, таких как бета-гардин (β-giardin (bg)), триозофосфатизомераза (triosephosphate isomerase (tpi)) и глутаматдегидрогеназа (glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh)). Активно ведутся поиски по выявлению новых мишеней, пригодных для определения принадлежности к генетическим группам.</p><p>В связи с отсутствием стандартизированных подходов к молекулярному генотипированию возбудителя лямблиоза продолжается этап накопления знаний о его генетическом разнообразии. Данные сведения важны для понимания связей между генетическими комплексами G. lamblia и клиническими проявлениями, а также отдаленными последствиями заболевания, патогенеза и взаимодействия между возбудителями при коинфицировании различными генетическими сборками, равно как оценки вклада каждой из них в инфекционный процесс, так и потенциала для накопления генетических рекомбинационных мутаций и уровнем их распространенности в возрастных группах или по территориям.</p><p>В обзоре представлены актуальные данные о современном уровне знаний о генетическом разнообразии возбудителя лямблиоза и его патогенетических особенностях, а также оценены перспективы усовершенствования генотипирования G. lamblia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Giardiasis does not lose its relevance, despite the active development of such areas of medicine as diagnosis, treatment and prevention. There are 8 genetic groups of the protozoan Giardia lamblia from A to H. Genetic complexes A and B have long been associated with the occurrence of invasion in humans, when others - from C to H - were detected only in specific animal hosts. Recent data indicate that this distribution is conditional and the circulation of G. lamblia genetic assemblies is a more complex and multifactorial process. In turn, phenotypically indistinguishable groups A and B also have significant genetic differences and are divided into subgroups AI, AII and AIII, as well as BIII and BIV. In many scientific studies, the main method to establish the belonging of G. lamblia to a particular assembly, along with partial or full genome sequencing, is multilocus determination of restriction fragment length polymorphisms using «traditional» genes, such as beta-giardin (bg), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh). Intensive searches are conducted to identify new targets suitable for identifying genetic groups.</p><p>Due to the lack of standardized approaches to molecular genotyping of the causative agent of giardiasis, the stage of accumulating knowledge about its genetic diversity continues. This information is important for understanding the relationships between genetic complexes of G. lamblia and clinical manifestations, as well as long-term consequences of the disease; pathogenesis and interaction between pathogens during co-infection with different genetic assemblies, and also assessment of the contribution of each of them to the infectious process, as well as the potential for the accumulation of genetic recombination mutations and their level of prevalence in age groups or territories. The review presents latest data on the current state of knowledge about the genetic diversity of the causative agent of giardiasis and its pathogenetic features, and also evaluates the prospects for improving genotyping of G. lamblia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лямблиоз</kwd><kwd>инвазия</kwd><kwd>ПЦР</kwd><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>полиморфизм длин рестрикционных фрагментов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>giardiasis</kwd><kwd>invasion</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>restriction fragment length polymorphism</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted without sponsorship.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Файзуллина Р.М., Санникова А.В., Гафурова Р.Р. 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