<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zdor</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Проблемы здоровья и экологии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health and Ecology Issues</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2220-0967</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2708-6011</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Gomel State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51523/2708-6011.2023-20-3-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zdor-2597</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕ И ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЕ, ГИГИЕНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE, HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фотокаталитический способ определения показателя качества воды</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Photocatalytic method for determining the water quality index</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6420-3884</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цымбал</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsymbal</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цымбал Денис Олегович, преподаватель кафедры биологической химии</p><p>г. Гомель</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis O. Tsymbal, Lecturer of the Department of Biological Chemistry</p><p>Gomel</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Gvidyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Гомельский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Gomel State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>116</fpage><lpage>122</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цымбал Д.О., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цымбал Д.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsymbal D.O.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.gsmu.by/jour/article/view/2597">https://journal.gsmu.by/jour/article/view/2597</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования. Оценить эффективность применения нового метода в лабораторных исследованиях качества воды и определить оптимальные условия проведения анализов.Материалы и методы. Использовались общепринятые методы аналитической химии для определения скорости реакции каталитического окисления и ее практического выхода. Все измерения подвергались стандартной статистической обработке.Результаты. Представлены этапы и результаты определения оптимальных условий фотокаталитического окисления. Показана перспективность использования фотокатализа в учреждениях санитарного надзора.Заключение. Фотокаталитическая окислительная система УФ-нано-ТіО2–K2Cr2O7 отвечает всем требованиям, предъявляемым к методике определения химического потребления кислорода (ХПК), и даже является более экспрессной, воспроизводимой и точной в сравнении с аттестованным арбитражным методом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of the application of the new method in laboratory studies of water quality and to determine the optimal conditions for analysis.Materials and methods. Generally accepted methods of analytical chemistry were used to determine the rate of the catalytic oxidation reaction and its practical yield. All measurements were subjected to standard statistical processing.Results. The stages and results of determining the optimal conditions of photocatalytic oxidation are presented. The prospects of using photocatalysis in sanitary supervision institutions are shown.Conclusion. The photocatalytic oxidizing system UV-nano-TiO2-K2Cr2O7 meets all the requirements for the methodology of chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination and is even more rapid, reproducible and accurate in comparison with the certified arbitration method.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фотокатализ</kwd><kwd>минерализация</kwd><kwd>окисление</kwd><kwd>TiO2</kwd><kwd>химическое потребление кислорода</kwd><kwd>санитарный надзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>photocatalysis</kwd><kwd>mineralization</kwd><kwd>oxidation</kwd><kwd>TiO2</kwd><kwd>chemical oxygen demand</kwd><kwd>sanitary supervision</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The measurement and monitoring of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) affordability: a missing element of monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Targets 6.1 and 6.2. [Electronic resource]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, 2021. UNICEF ISBN: 978-92-806-5217-8 WHO ISBN: 978-92-400-2328-4 (electronic version) WHO ISBN: 978-92-400-2329-1 (print version). [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/unicef-who-2021-affordability-of-wash-services-full.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The measurement and monitoring of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) affordability: a missing element of monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Targets 6.1 and 6.2. [Electronic resource]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization, 2021. UNICEF ISBN: 978-92-806-5217-8 WHO ISBN: 978-92-400-2328-4 (electronic version) WHO ISBN: 978-92-400-2329-1 (print version). [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/unicef-who-2021-affordability-of-wash-services-full.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO (2006). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, [Electronic resource]. 1st Addendum to the 3rd ed., Volume 1: Recommendations, World Health Organization, Geneva). [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43285/9789241546768_eng. pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO (2006). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, [Electronic resource]. 1st Addendum to the 3rd ed., Volume 1: Recommendations, World Health Organization, Geneva). [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43285/9789241546768_eng. pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/jmp-2021-wash-households-LAUNCH-VERSION.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/jmp-2021-wash-households-LAUNCH-VERSION.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цымбал Д.О., Мазаник М.Е. Обоснование применения фотокатализа для очистки природной и питьевой воды от поллютантов биологического происхождения. Проблемы здоровья и экологии. 2021;18(4):143-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-4-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsymbal DO, Mazanik MYe. Rationale for the use of photocatalysis for the purification of natural and drinking water from pollutants of biological origin. Health and Ecology Issues. 2021;18(4):143-152. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2021-18-4-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галковский С.В., Самосюк А.С. Использование водных ресурсов в республике Беларусь. Экономика и социум. 2016;11(30):355-358. [дата обращения 2023 январь 30]. Available from: https://rep.polessu.by/bitstream/123456789/21407/1/Ispol%27zovanie_vodnykh_resursov.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galkovsky SV, Samosyuk AS. Use of water resources in the Republic of Belarus. Economy and society. 2016;11 (30):355-358. [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https:// rep.polessu.by/bitstream/123456789/21407/1/Ispol%27zovanie_vodnykh_resursov.pdf (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freudenhammer H, Bahnemenn D, Bousselmi L, Geissen S-U, Ghrabi A, Saleh F, Siemon U, Vogelpohl A. Detoxification and recycling of wastewater by solar-catalytic treatment. Water Sci Technol. 1997;35(4):149-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00020-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freudenhammer H, Bahnemenn D, Bousselmi L, Geissen S-U, Ghrabi A, Saleh F, Siemon U, Vogelpohl A. Detoxification and recycling of wastewater by solar-catalytic treatment. Water Sci Technol. 1997;35(4):149-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00020-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валеева А.А., Козлова Е.А., Дорошева И.Б. Синтез и аттестация фотокатализаторов на основе нанотрубок диоксида титана для очистки воды и воздуха от вредных органических примесей. Фундаментальные исследования и прикладные разработки процессов переработки и утилизации техногенных образований «Техноген-2019». 2019;196-198. [дата обращения 2023 январь 30]. Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38545017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valeeva AA, Kozlova EA, Dorosheva IB. Synthesis and certification of photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide nanotubes for purifying water and air from harmful organic impurities. Fundamental research and applied development of the processes of processing and disposal of technogenic formations “Technogen-2019”. 2019;196-198. [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38545017 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Константинова Е.А.., Кытин В.Г., Марикуца А.В., Трусов Г.В. Фотокатализаторы на основе TiO2, функционирующие при освещении в видимом диапазоне света. Сборник научных трудов VI съезда биофизиков России. 2019;109. [дата обра- щения 2023 январь 30]. Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41173550</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinova EA, Kytin VG, Marikuca AV, Trusov GV. TiO2 based photocatalysts operating under visible light illumination. Collection of scientific papers of the VI Congress of Biophysicists of Russia. 2019;109. [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41173550 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агеева В.А., Голубенко Е.В., Ромащенко И.А., Шубина Е.Н. Эффективные каталитические системы для превращения спиртов в альдегиды. Химия: достижения и перспективы: Cборник научных статей по материалам V Всероссийской научно-практической конференции студентов и молодых ученых. 2020;91-94. [дата обращения 2023 январь 30]. Available from: https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42904182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ageeva VA, Golubenko EV, Romashhenko IA, Shubina EN. Efficient catalytic systems for converting alcohols to aldehydes. Chemistry: achievements and prospects: Collection of scientific articles based on the materials of the V All-Russian scientific-practical conference of students and young scientists. 2020;91-94). [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: https:// www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42904182 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболева Н.М., Носонович А.А., Гончарук В.В. Гетерогенный фотокатализ в процессах обработки воды. Химия и технология воды. 2007;29 (2);125-159. [дата обращения 2023 январь 30]. Available from: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/5503</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soboleva NM, Nosonovich AA, Goncharuk VV. Heterogeneous photocatalysis in water treatment processes. Chemistry and technology of water. 2007;29(2):125-159. [date of access 2023 January 30]. Available from: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/5503 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ilisz I, Foglein KJ, Dombi А. The photochemical behavior of hydrogen peroxide in near UV-irradiated aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Mol Catal A: Chem. 1998;135:55-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1169(97)00296-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilisz I, Foglein KJ, Dombi А. The photochemical behavior of hydrogen peroxide in near UV-irradiated aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Mol Catal A: Chem. 1998;135:55-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-1169(97)00296-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdel-Magd A. Abdel-Wahab, Abd El-Aal M Gaber. TiO2-photocatalytic oxidation of selected heterocyclic sulfur compounds. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 1998;114(3):213-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(98)00204-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdel-Magd A. Abdel-Wahab, Abd El-Aal M Gaber. TiO2-photocatalytic oxidation of selected heterocyclic sulfur compounds. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. 1998;114(3):213-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(98)00204-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthews RW, Abdullah M, Low GK-C. Photocatalytic oxidation for total organic carbon analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 1990;233:171-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83476-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthews RW, Abdullah M, Low GK-C. Photocatalytic oxidation for total organic carbon analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 1990;233:171-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)83476-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ai SY, Li JQ, Yang Y, Gao MN, Pan ZS. Study on photocatalytic oxidation for determination of chemical oxygen demand using a nano-TiO2–K2Cr2O7 system. Anal Chim Acta. 2004;509:237-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.056</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ai SY, Li JQ, Yang Y, Gao MN, Pan ZS. Study on photocatalytic oxidation for determination of chemical oxygen demand using a nano-TiO2–K2Cr2O7 system. Anal Chim Acta. 2004;509:237-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ku Y, Jung I-L. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by UV irradiation with the presence of titanium dioxide. Water Res. 2001;35(1):135-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00098-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ku Y, Jung I-L. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by UV irradiation with the presence of titanium dioxide. Water Res. 2001;35(1):135-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00098-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balconi ML, Borgarello M, Ferraroli R. Chemical oxygen demand determination in well and river waters by flow-injection analysis using a microwave oven during the oxidation step. Anal Chim Acta. 1992;261:295-299. DOI: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/5503</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balconi ML, Borgarello M, Ferraroli R. Chemical oxygen demand determination in well and river waters by flow-injection analysis using a microwave oven during the oxidation step. Anal Chim Acta. 1992;261:295-299. DOI: http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/5503</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim YC, Sasaki S, Yano K, Ikebukuro K, Hashimoto K, Karube I. Photocatalytic sensor for the determination of chemical oxygen demand using flow injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 2001;432:59-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01145-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim YC, Sasaki S, Yano K, Ikebukuro K, Hashimoto K, Karube I. Photocatalytic sensor for the determination of chemical oxygen demand using flow injection analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 2001;432:59-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01145-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кельина С.Ю., Дедков Ю.М. Возможности использования системы УФ–нано-TiO2–K2Cr2O7 для определения ХПК. Журнал аналитической химии. 2016;71(12):1270-1278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044450216120069</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelina SJu, Dedkov JuM. Possibilities of using the UV – nano-TiO2 – K2Cr2O7 system for COD determination. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2016;71(12):1270-1278. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044450216120069</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Degussa Technical Bulletin Pigments, Highly Dispersed Metallic Oxides Produced by the AEROSIL® Process.1990;56:11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Degussa Technical Bulletin Pigments, Highly Dispersed Metallic Oxides Produced by the AEROSIL® Process.1990;56:11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, W Choi, Bahnemann DW. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chem Rev. 1995;95(1):69-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, W Choi, Bahnemann DW. Environmental Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chem Rev. 1995;95(1):69-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00033a004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маммадли, Р.Ш., Алиева А.Д. Вопросы оптимизации фотокаталитического очищения земельных участков, загрязненных нефтью. Проблемы сбора, подготовки и транспорта нефти и нефтепродуктов. 2021;5(133):143-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17122/ntj-oil-2021-5-143-151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mammadli RS, Alieva AD. Issues of optimization of photocatalytic purification of oil-contaminated land plots. Problems of collection, preparation and transportation of oil and petroleum products. 2021;5(133):143-151. (In Russ.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17122/ntj-oil-2021-5-143-151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelina, SY, Tsymbal DO, Dedkov YM. New methods for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Methods and Objects of Chemical Analysis. 2017;12(1):17-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/moca.2017.17-23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelina, SY, Tsymbal DO, Dedkov YM. New methods for the determination of chemical oxygen demand. Methods and Objects of Chemical Analysis. 2017;12(1):17-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/moca.2017.17-23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лаврухина А.К., Юкина Л.В. Аналитическая химия хрома. М.: Наука; 1979: 41-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavrukhina A K, Yukina L V. Analytical chemistry of chromium. M.: Nauka; 1979: 41-42. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лурье Ю.Ю. Аналитическая химия промышленных сточных вод. М.: Химия; 1984: 73-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lur’e JuJu. Analytical chemistry of industrial wastewater. M.: Сhemistry; 1984: 73-78. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
